West Coast EMT - Block 4 Exam STUDY Questions
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Newest 2025
Vascular system anatomy - ✔✔1. The heart is divided down the middle into left and
right sides, each with an upper chamber (atrium) to receive incoming blood and a lower
chamber (ventricle) to pump outgoing blood.
2. Blood leaves each of the four chambers of the heart through one-way valves, which
keep the blood moving through the circulatory system in the proper direction.
3. The aorta, the body's main artery, receives blood ejected from the left ventricle and
delivers it to all other arteries that supply the body's tissues.
Heart (pump), vessels/arteries (pipes), blood (fluid)
Blood flow through the heart - ✔✔1-Superior & Inferior Vena Cava, 2-Rt Atrium, 3-
Tricuspid Valve, 4- Rt Ventricle, 5-Pulmonary Valve, 6-Pulmonary Artery, 7- Lungs-pick
up oxygen, 8-Pulmonary Veins, 9- Lt Atrium, 10- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), 11-Lt Ventricle,
12- Aortic Valve, 13-Aorta, 14- Body
Blood stasis - ✔✔Lack of circulation of blood due to a stop in blood flow
Arterial bleeding - ✔✔a. Pressure causes blood to spurt and makes bleeding difficult
to control.
b. Typically brighter red (rich in oxygen) and spurts in time with the pulse
c. Decreases as the amount of blood circulating in the body drops and blood pressure
drops
o High pressure, spurting, pulsating
,o Oxygen rich- brighter red
fast flow
Venous bleeding - ✔✔a. Dark red (low in oxygen)
b. Flows slowly or rapidly, depending on the size of the vein
c. Does not spurt and is easier to manage
d. Can be profuse and life threatening
e. More likely to clot spontaneously than arterial blood
o Low pressure, flowing
o Oxygen depleted- deep burgundy color
medium flow
Capillary Bleeding - ✔✔a. Bleeding from damaged capillary vessels
b. Dark red
c. Oozes from a wound steadily but slowly
d. More likely to clot spontaneously than arterial blood
extremely low pressure
slow flow
,What happens to the body during the wound healing process? - ✔✔1. Healing of
wounds is a natural process that involves several overlapping stages, all directed toward
the larger goal of maintaining homeostasis (balance).
2. Cessation of bleeding is the primary concern.
a. Loss of blood hinders the provision of vital nutrients and oxygen to the affected area.
b. It also impairs the tissue's ability to eliminate wastes.
c. The end result is abnormal or absent function, which interferes with homeostasis.
3. The next wound healing stage is inflammation.
a. Additional cells move into the damaged area to begin repair.
b. White blood cells migrate to the area to combat pathogens that have invaded the
exposed tissue.
c. Lymphocytes destroy bacteria and other pathogens.
d. Mast cells release histamine.
e. Inflammation ultimately leads to removal of:
i. Foreign material
ii. Damaged cellular parts
iii. Invading microorganisms
4. To replace the area damaged in a soft-tissue injury, a new layer of cells must be
moved into this region.
a. Cells quickly multiply and redevelop across the edges of the wound.
b. Except in cases of clean incisions, the appearance of the restructured area seldom
returns to the preinjury state.
c. Despite the changed appearance, the function of the area may be restored to near
normal.
5. New blood vessels form as the body attempts to bring oxygen and nutrients to the
injured tissue.
a. New capillaries bud from intact capillaries that lie adjacent to the damaged skin.
, b. These vessels provide a channel for oxygen and nutrients and serve as a pathway for
waste removal.
6. In the last stage of wound healing, collagen provides stability to the damaged tissue
and joins wound borders, thereby closing the open tissue.
a. Collagen is a tough, fibrous protein found in scar tissue, hair, bones, and connective
tissue.
b. Collagen cannot restore the damaged tissue to its original
What happens when the tissue is injured - ✔✔1. Open injuries differ from closed
injuries in that the protective layer of the skin is damaged.
a. Can produce extensive bleeding
2. A break in the protective skin layer or mucous membrane means that the wound is
contaminated and may become infected.
a. Contamination: the presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies, such as dirt,
gravel, or metal, in the wound
b. Address both excessive bleeding and contamination in your treatment of open soft-
tissue wounds.
c. Four types of open soft-tissue wounds:
i. Abrasions
ii. Lacerations
iii. Avulsions
iv. Penetrating wounds
3. An abrasion is a wound of the superficial layer of the skin, caused by friction when a
body part rubs or scrapes across a rough or hard surface.
a. An abrasion usually does not penetrate completely through the dermis, but blood
may ooze from the injured capillaries in the dermis.
i. Examples: road rash, road burn, strawberry, rug burn
b. Abrasions can be extremely painful because the nerve endings are located in this
area.
and Complete Answers| Verified 100% Correct|
Newest 2025
Vascular system anatomy - ✔✔1. The heart is divided down the middle into left and
right sides, each with an upper chamber (atrium) to receive incoming blood and a lower
chamber (ventricle) to pump outgoing blood.
2. Blood leaves each of the four chambers of the heart through one-way valves, which
keep the blood moving through the circulatory system in the proper direction.
3. The aorta, the body's main artery, receives blood ejected from the left ventricle and
delivers it to all other arteries that supply the body's tissues.
Heart (pump), vessels/arteries (pipes), blood (fluid)
Blood flow through the heart - ✔✔1-Superior & Inferior Vena Cava, 2-Rt Atrium, 3-
Tricuspid Valve, 4- Rt Ventricle, 5-Pulmonary Valve, 6-Pulmonary Artery, 7- Lungs-pick
up oxygen, 8-Pulmonary Veins, 9- Lt Atrium, 10- Mitral Valve (Bicuspid), 11-Lt Ventricle,
12- Aortic Valve, 13-Aorta, 14- Body
Blood stasis - ✔✔Lack of circulation of blood due to a stop in blood flow
Arterial bleeding - ✔✔a. Pressure causes blood to spurt and makes bleeding difficult
to control.
b. Typically brighter red (rich in oxygen) and spurts in time with the pulse
c. Decreases as the amount of blood circulating in the body drops and blood pressure
drops
o High pressure, spurting, pulsating
,o Oxygen rich- brighter red
fast flow
Venous bleeding - ✔✔a. Dark red (low in oxygen)
b. Flows slowly or rapidly, depending on the size of the vein
c. Does not spurt and is easier to manage
d. Can be profuse and life threatening
e. More likely to clot spontaneously than arterial blood
o Low pressure, flowing
o Oxygen depleted- deep burgundy color
medium flow
Capillary Bleeding - ✔✔a. Bleeding from damaged capillary vessels
b. Dark red
c. Oozes from a wound steadily but slowly
d. More likely to clot spontaneously than arterial blood
extremely low pressure
slow flow
,What happens to the body during the wound healing process? - ✔✔1. Healing of
wounds is a natural process that involves several overlapping stages, all directed toward
the larger goal of maintaining homeostasis (balance).
2. Cessation of bleeding is the primary concern.
a. Loss of blood hinders the provision of vital nutrients and oxygen to the affected area.
b. It also impairs the tissue's ability to eliminate wastes.
c. The end result is abnormal or absent function, which interferes with homeostasis.
3. The next wound healing stage is inflammation.
a. Additional cells move into the damaged area to begin repair.
b. White blood cells migrate to the area to combat pathogens that have invaded the
exposed tissue.
c. Lymphocytes destroy bacteria and other pathogens.
d. Mast cells release histamine.
e. Inflammation ultimately leads to removal of:
i. Foreign material
ii. Damaged cellular parts
iii. Invading microorganisms
4. To replace the area damaged in a soft-tissue injury, a new layer of cells must be
moved into this region.
a. Cells quickly multiply and redevelop across the edges of the wound.
b. Except in cases of clean incisions, the appearance of the restructured area seldom
returns to the preinjury state.
c. Despite the changed appearance, the function of the area may be restored to near
normal.
5. New blood vessels form as the body attempts to bring oxygen and nutrients to the
injured tissue.
a. New capillaries bud from intact capillaries that lie adjacent to the damaged skin.
, b. These vessels provide a channel for oxygen and nutrients and serve as a pathway for
waste removal.
6. In the last stage of wound healing, collagen provides stability to the damaged tissue
and joins wound borders, thereby closing the open tissue.
a. Collagen is a tough, fibrous protein found in scar tissue, hair, bones, and connective
tissue.
b. Collagen cannot restore the damaged tissue to its original
What happens when the tissue is injured - ✔✔1. Open injuries differ from closed
injuries in that the protective layer of the skin is damaged.
a. Can produce extensive bleeding
2. A break in the protective skin layer or mucous membrane means that the wound is
contaminated and may become infected.
a. Contamination: the presence of infectious organisms or foreign bodies, such as dirt,
gravel, or metal, in the wound
b. Address both excessive bleeding and contamination in your treatment of open soft-
tissue wounds.
c. Four types of open soft-tissue wounds:
i. Abrasions
ii. Lacerations
iii. Avulsions
iv. Penetrating wounds
3. An abrasion is a wound of the superficial layer of the skin, caused by friction when a
body part rubs or scrapes across a rough or hard surface.
a. An abrasion usually does not penetrate completely through the dermis, but blood
may ooze from the injured capillaries in the dermis.
i. Examples: road rash, road burn, strawberry, rug burn
b. Abrasions can be extremely painful because the nerve endings are located in this
area.
