Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy - ANS - the study of the structure of the body
\Physiology - ANS - the study of the function of the body
\Chemical level - ANS - represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of
Atomic level and molecular level)
\Cellular level - ANS - represents the basic unit of all living things
\Tissue level - ANS - a group of cells with similar or common function
\Organ level - ANS - a group of tissues with similar or common function
\Organ system level - ANS - a group of organs with similar or common function
\Organismic level - ANS - the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
\Integumentary System - ANS - controls body temperature & protects body from environmental
hazards
\Skeletal System - ANS - supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood
cells
\Muscular System - ANS - movement, support and produces heat
\Nervous System - ANS - controls immediate responses to stimuli
\Endocrine System - ANS - controls long-term responses in body
\Cardiovascular System - ANS - internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and cells
\Lymphatic & Immune Systems - ANS - defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system
\Respiratory System - ANS - exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues
\Digestive System - ANS - ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of
indigestible wastes
\Urinary System - ANS - filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to
eliminate waste products
\Reproductive System - ANS - produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction
\homeostasis - ANS - condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain
narrow physiological limits
\homeostatic regulation - ANS - adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis
\receptor - ANS - monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control
center
\control (integration) center - ANS - receives input from receptor & determines appropriate
response
\effector - ANS - cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and
produces a response (effect)
\interactions of a feedback system - ANS - stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) ->
control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
\positive feedback - ANS - the response by the effector to the initial change is to further
exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the
baby towards the birth canal, which
,\places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine
contraction, etc. - ANS - ...
\Negative feedback - ANS - the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or
reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood
sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
\insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the
blood and lowering blood sugar level. - ANS - ...
\Anatomical position - ANS - patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic =
head
\Cranial - ANS - upper portion of head surrounding brain
\Facial - ANS - face
\cervical - ANS - neck
\thoracic - ANS - chest
\axillary - ANS - armpit
\acromial - ANS - point of shoulder
\deltoid - ANS - fleshy portion of shoulder
\brachial - ANS - upper arm
\antebrachial - ANS - forearm
\antecubital - ANS - front of elbow
\carpal - ANS - wrist
\manual - ANS - hand
\digital (phalangeal) - ANS - fingers or toes
\abdominal - ANS - region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
\dorsal - ANS - back
\lumbar - ANS - lower back
\olecranol - ANS - back of elbow
\pelvic - ANS - pelvis
\pubic - ANS - anterior pelvis
\inguinal - ANS - junction of trunk and thighs (groin)
\gluteal - ANS - buttocks
\femoral - ANS - thigh
\patellar - ANS - front of knee
\popliteal - ANS - back of knee
\crural - ANS - anterior of lower leg (shin)
\sural - ANS - posterior of lower leg (calf)
\tarsal - ANS - ankle
\pedal - ANS - foot
\plantar - ANS - bottom of foot
\superior ( - ANS - cephalic = cranial) = towards the head
\inferior ( - ANS - caudal) = away from the head
\anterior (ventral) - ANS - towards the front
\posterior (dorsal) - ANS - towards the back
\medial - ANS - towards the midline
\lateral - ANS - away from the midline
,\proximal - ANS - towards the point of attachment (limbs)
\distal - ANS - away from the point of attachment (limbs)
\superficial - ANS - towards the surface (i.e., skin)
\deep - ANS - away from the surface
\Sagittal - ANS - separates the body into right and left parts
\Midsaggital - ANS - median = separates the body into equal right and left parts
\Parasaggital - ANS - separates the body into unequal right and left parts
\Frontal - ANS - coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts
\Transverse - ANS - horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and inferior
parts
\. - ANS - ...
\dorsal body - ANS - The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity and the
ventral body cavity.
\ventral body - ANS - The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by serous
membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes in he dorsal
body cavity.
\The dorsal body cavity - ANS - surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
\It is separated into two subdivisions - ANS - the cranial cavity surrounds the brain and the
spinal cavity surrounds the spinal cord.
\The ventral body cavity - ANS - includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
\The thoracic cavity - ANS - is the cavity superior to the diaphragm and the abdominopelvic
cavity is inferior to the diaphragm.
\The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into - ANS - two pleural cavities, which contain the
lungs, one pericardial cavity, which contains the
\heart, and the mediastinum, which is the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the
esophagus and trachea. - ANS - ...
\The abdominopelvic cavity - ANS - is separated into two regions, which are not truly separated
from one another in the
\body. - ANS - ...
\These are the abdominal cavity, - ANS - which contains primarily the digestive organs and the
pelvic cavity, which contains primarily the reproductive and urinary organs.
\Serous membranes (also called serosae) - ANS - are found within the ventral body cavity. They
consist of two layers of membrane with fluid =(called serous fluid) in between the two layers.
\The inner layer - ANS - which is closest to the organ, is
\called the visceral layer. - ANS - ...
\The outer layer - ANS - which is closest to the body wall, is called the parietal layer.
\Pleura - ANS - serous membranes surrounding lungs
\parietal pleura - ANS - outer serous membrane surrounding lungs
\visceral pleura - ANS - inner serous membrane surrounding lungs
\Pericardium - ANS - serous membranes surrounding heart
\parietal percardium - ANS - outer serous membrane surrounding heart
\visceral pericardium - ANS - inner serous membrane surrounding heart
\Peritoneum - ANS - serous membranes lining organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (surrounding
digestive, reproductive and
, \urinary organs) - ANS - ...
\parietal peritoneum - ANS - outer serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic
region
\visceral peritoneum - ANS - inner serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic
region
\Imagine drawing a cross in the abdominopelvic region with the lines intersecting at the
umbilicus. These represent the quadrants. Remember when naming the quadrants and regions
that right and left refer to the patient's right and left. The quadrants are as follows - ANS - ...
\Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant - ANS - ...
\Right Lower Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant - ANS - ...
\Now imagine drawing a "tic tac toe" in the abdominopelvic region with the umbilicus in the
center of the middle square. The nine regions are as follows - ANS - ...
\Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac - ANS - ...
\Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar - ANS - ...
\Right Iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac - ANS - ...
\oral - ANS - cavity of mouth
\digestive - ANS - cavity inside the digestive tract
\nasal - ANS - cavity inside nose
\orbital - ANS - cavity around eyes
\middle ear - ANS - cavity between eardrum and inner ear
\synovial - ANS - cavity surrounding some types of joints
\Matter - ANS - is anything that occupies space and has mass.
\The three states of matter are - ANS - solid, liquid and gas.
\How do they differ from each other - ANS - They differ from one another primarily in the
distance between molecules and the motion of molecules.
\In gases - ANS - molecules are far apart there is a lot of motion.
\Liquids - ANS - have less movement of molecules and shorter distances between molecules
than gases.
\Solids - ANS - have less movement of molecules and shorter distances between molecules
than liquids.
\Element - ANS - building blocks of matter; each element is unique in its atomic structure and
has its own unique properties
\Atom - ANS - building blocks or basic units of elements
\Subatomic particle - ANS - the particles that make up an atom; i.e., protons, neutrons and
electrons
\Proton - ANS - positively charged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom
\neutron - ANS - uncharged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom
\electron - ANS - negatively charged subatomic particle that resides in the energy levels (shells)
of an atom
\Ionic bonds - ANS - occur when one atoms gives electron(s) to another atom. When electrons
are transferred, the atom that loses electrons becomes a cation and the atom that gains
electrons becomes an anion. The two atoms are then attracted to one another due the attraction
of opposite charges.
Anatomy - ANS - the study of the structure of the body
\Physiology - ANS - the study of the function of the body
\Chemical level - ANS - represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of
Atomic level and molecular level)
\Cellular level - ANS - represents the basic unit of all living things
\Tissue level - ANS - a group of cells with similar or common function
\Organ level - ANS - a group of tissues with similar or common function
\Organ system level - ANS - a group of organs with similar or common function
\Organismic level - ANS - the entire body consisting of the various organ systems.
\Integumentary System - ANS - controls body temperature & protects body from environmental
hazards
\Skeletal System - ANS - supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood
cells
\Muscular System - ANS - movement, support and produces heat
\Nervous System - ANS - controls immediate responses to stimuli
\Endocrine System - ANS - controls long-term responses in body
\Cardiovascular System - ANS - internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide
and cells
\Lymphatic & Immune Systems - ANS - defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to
cardiovascular system
\Respiratory System - ANS - exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues
\Digestive System - ANS - ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of
indigestible wastes
\Urinary System - ANS - filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to
eliminate waste products
\Reproductive System - ANS - produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction
\homeostasis - ANS - condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain
narrow physiological limits
\homeostatic regulation - ANS - adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis
\receptor - ANS - monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control
center
\control (integration) center - ANS - receives input from receptor & determines appropriate
response
\effector - ANS - cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and
produces a response (effect)
\interactions of a feedback system - ANS - stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) ->
control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response
\positive feedback - ANS - the response by the effector to the initial change is to further
exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the
baby towards the birth canal, which
,\places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine
contraction, etc. - ANS - ...
\Negative feedback - ANS - the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or
reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood
sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes
\insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the
blood and lowering blood sugar level. - ANS - ...
\Anatomical position - ANS - patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic =
head
\Cranial - ANS - upper portion of head surrounding brain
\Facial - ANS - face
\cervical - ANS - neck
\thoracic - ANS - chest
\axillary - ANS - armpit
\acromial - ANS - point of shoulder
\deltoid - ANS - fleshy portion of shoulder
\brachial - ANS - upper arm
\antebrachial - ANS - forearm
\antecubital - ANS - front of elbow
\carpal - ANS - wrist
\manual - ANS - hand
\digital (phalangeal) - ANS - fingers or toes
\abdominal - ANS - region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis
\dorsal - ANS - back
\lumbar - ANS - lower back
\olecranol - ANS - back of elbow
\pelvic - ANS - pelvis
\pubic - ANS - anterior pelvis
\inguinal - ANS - junction of trunk and thighs (groin)
\gluteal - ANS - buttocks
\femoral - ANS - thigh
\patellar - ANS - front of knee
\popliteal - ANS - back of knee
\crural - ANS - anterior of lower leg (shin)
\sural - ANS - posterior of lower leg (calf)
\tarsal - ANS - ankle
\pedal - ANS - foot
\plantar - ANS - bottom of foot
\superior ( - ANS - cephalic = cranial) = towards the head
\inferior ( - ANS - caudal) = away from the head
\anterior (ventral) - ANS - towards the front
\posterior (dorsal) - ANS - towards the back
\medial - ANS - towards the midline
\lateral - ANS - away from the midline
,\proximal - ANS - towards the point of attachment (limbs)
\distal - ANS - away from the point of attachment (limbs)
\superficial - ANS - towards the surface (i.e., skin)
\deep - ANS - away from the surface
\Sagittal - ANS - separates the body into right and left parts
\Midsaggital - ANS - median = separates the body into equal right and left parts
\Parasaggital - ANS - separates the body into unequal right and left parts
\Frontal - ANS - coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts
\Transverse - ANS - horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and inferior
parts
\. - ANS - ...
\dorsal body - ANS - The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity and the
ventral body cavity.
\ventral body - ANS - The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by serous
membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes in he dorsal
body cavity.
\The dorsal body cavity - ANS - surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
\It is separated into two subdivisions - ANS - the cranial cavity surrounds the brain and the
spinal cavity surrounds the spinal cord.
\The ventral body cavity - ANS - includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.
\The thoracic cavity - ANS - is the cavity superior to the diaphragm and the abdominopelvic
cavity is inferior to the diaphragm.
\The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into - ANS - two pleural cavities, which contain the
lungs, one pericardial cavity, which contains the
\heart, and the mediastinum, which is the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the
esophagus and trachea. - ANS - ...
\The abdominopelvic cavity - ANS - is separated into two regions, which are not truly separated
from one another in the
\body. - ANS - ...
\These are the abdominal cavity, - ANS - which contains primarily the digestive organs and the
pelvic cavity, which contains primarily the reproductive and urinary organs.
\Serous membranes (also called serosae) - ANS - are found within the ventral body cavity. They
consist of two layers of membrane with fluid =(called serous fluid) in between the two layers.
\The inner layer - ANS - which is closest to the organ, is
\called the visceral layer. - ANS - ...
\The outer layer - ANS - which is closest to the body wall, is called the parietal layer.
\Pleura - ANS - serous membranes surrounding lungs
\parietal pleura - ANS - outer serous membrane surrounding lungs
\visceral pleura - ANS - inner serous membrane surrounding lungs
\Pericardium - ANS - serous membranes surrounding heart
\parietal percardium - ANS - outer serous membrane surrounding heart
\visceral pericardium - ANS - inner serous membrane surrounding heart
\Peritoneum - ANS - serous membranes lining organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (surrounding
digestive, reproductive and
, \urinary organs) - ANS - ...
\parietal peritoneum - ANS - outer serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic
region
\visceral peritoneum - ANS - inner serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic
region
\Imagine drawing a cross in the abdominopelvic region with the lines intersecting at the
umbilicus. These represent the quadrants. Remember when naming the quadrants and regions
that right and left refer to the patient's right and left. The quadrants are as follows - ANS - ...
\Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant - ANS - ...
\Right Lower Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant - ANS - ...
\Now imagine drawing a "tic tac toe" in the abdominopelvic region with the umbilicus in the
center of the middle square. The nine regions are as follows - ANS - ...
\Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac - ANS - ...
\Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar - ANS - ...
\Right Iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac - ANS - ...
\oral - ANS - cavity of mouth
\digestive - ANS - cavity inside the digestive tract
\nasal - ANS - cavity inside nose
\orbital - ANS - cavity around eyes
\middle ear - ANS - cavity between eardrum and inner ear
\synovial - ANS - cavity surrounding some types of joints
\Matter - ANS - is anything that occupies space and has mass.
\The three states of matter are - ANS - solid, liquid and gas.
\How do they differ from each other - ANS - They differ from one another primarily in the
distance between molecules and the motion of molecules.
\In gases - ANS - molecules are far apart there is a lot of motion.
\Liquids - ANS - have less movement of molecules and shorter distances between molecules
than gases.
\Solids - ANS - have less movement of molecules and shorter distances between molecules
than liquids.
\Element - ANS - building blocks of matter; each element is unique in its atomic structure and
has its own unique properties
\Atom - ANS - building blocks or basic units of elements
\Subatomic particle - ANS - the particles that make up an atom; i.e., protons, neutrons and
electrons
\Proton - ANS - positively charged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom
\neutron - ANS - uncharged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom
\electron - ANS - negatively charged subatomic particle that resides in the energy levels (shells)
of an atom
\Ionic bonds - ANS - occur when one atoms gives electron(s) to another atom. When electrons
are transferred, the atom that loses electrons becomes a cation and the atom that gains
electrons becomes an anion. The two atoms are then attracted to one another due the attraction
of opposite charges.
