ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI REVIEW 100% VERIFIED SOLUTION A+ 2024/2025

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI REVIEW 100% VERIFIED SOLUTION A+ 2024/2025 metabolic acidosis - ANS-low pH, low HCO3 metabolic alkalosis - ANS-high pH, high HCO3 respiratory acidosis - ANS-low pH, high CO2 respiratory alkalosis - ANS-high pH, low CO2 metabolic acidosis causes - ANS-Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency metabolic alkalosis causes - ANS-Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin respiratory acidosis causes - ANS-Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea respiratory alkalosis causes - ANS-• Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning. • Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli). Can also be stimulated by fever. • Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing.