D311 Study Guide
Section 1
Lesson 1
1. List several characteristics of prokaryotic cells.
Domain of Archaea and Bacteria
- Aren’t multicellular
-have single, circular
chromosomal DNA
a. osmotic pressure: occurs because of differences in concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable
membrane. water can pass through this membrane, but solutes (salts, sugars, and other compounds) cannot. When
concentration is greater on one side, water diffuses from the side with more water to less water until they’re equal
, b. CELL MORPHOLOGIES COMMONLY FOUND IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS:
COCCUS round
BACILLUS Rod
VIBRIO Curved rod
COCCOBACILLUS Short rod
SPIRILLUM Spiral
SPIROCHETE Long, loose, helical spiral
c. COMMON PROKARYOTIC CELL ARRANGEMENTS
COCCUS Single coccus
DIPLOCOCCUS Pair of 2 cocci
TETRAD Grouping of 4 cells arranged in
square
STREPTOCOCCUS Chain of cocci
STAPHYLOCOCCUS Cluster of cocci
BACILLUS Single rod
STREPTOBACILLUS Chain of rods
2. What components do cells have?
a. Cytoplasm – gel like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth
b. Cytoplasm is contained within a plasma membrane (called a cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
c. One or more chromosomes – contain genetic blueprints of the cell
d. Ribosomes – organelles used to produce proteins
, 3. List several characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
nucleus: surrounded by nuclear membrane and holds DNA genome.
controls all cell activity, holds role in reproduction and heredity.
DNA in nucleus is organized and condensed to fit inside nucleus because the
DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones
nuclear membrane: AKA nuclear envelope
holds nucleus and has 2 distinct lipid bilayers between the inner and outer
membranes. the inner and outer membranes contain unique lipids and
proteins.
The nuclear membrane/envelope contains nuclear spores, which are large,
rosette-shaped proteins that control materials moving in and out of the
nucleus.
nuclear lamina: determines overall shape of nucleus
a meshwork of intermediate filaments found just inside the nuclear envelope
membranes
mitosis: aka karyokinesis, period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated
chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
meiosis: a 2 stage nuclear division process that results in 4 genetically distinct gametes
nucleolus: inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA biosynthesis occurs and where
assembly of ribosomes begin
80s ribosomes Cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome composed of 60S and 40S subunits
Free ribosomes Eukaryotic 80S ribosome found in the cytoplasm; synthesizes water-soluble
proteins
Membrane-bound 80S eukaryotic ribosome attached to rough ER
ribosomes Makes proteins for insertion into the cell membrane or proteins destined for
export from cell
endomembrane Series of organelles (ER, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, and transport vesicles)
system: arranged as membranous tubules, sacs, and disks that synthesize many cell
components (proteins and lipids)
, ER Part of endomembrane system that is an interconnected array of tubules and
flattened sacs with a single lipid bilayer that may be either rough or smooth;
important in synthesizing lipids and proteins
RER: studded with ribosomes bound on the cytoplasmic side of membrane.
These make proteins destined for the plasma membrane. these proteins bud
off as transport vesicles and move to either the golgi apparatus for further
processing.
SER: don’t have ribosomes; they’re involved in biosynthesis of lipids,
carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of toxic compounds within the
cell.
cisternae sacs of the ER
Lumen space inside the cisternae of ER in eukaryotic cells
Golgi apparatus modify lipids and proteins transported from the ER to the golgi, often adding
carb components to them, producing glycolipids, glycoproteins, or
proteoglycans. glycolipids and glycoproteins are often inserted into the plasma
membrane and are important for signal recognition by other cells or infectious
particles.
secretory vesicles: release their contents to the cell’s exterior (exocytosis)
transport vesicles membranous sac that carries molecules between various components of the
endomembrane system
cytoskeleton: made of microfilaments intermediate filaments, and microtubules
microfilaments cytoskeletal fiber composed of actin filaments (effect muscle contraction)
intermediate cytoskeletal fibers that act as cables within the cell and anchor the nucleus,
filaments comprise the nuclear lamina, or contribute to the formation of desmosomes
microtubules hollow tube composed of tubulin dimers; the structural component of the
cytoskeleton, centrioles, flagella, and cilia
provides structural support and transports materials within the cell and
anchors organelles
pseudopodia: temporary projections involved in ameboid movement; these “false feet” form
by gel-sol cycling of actin polymerization/depolymerization
mitochondria aerobic cellular respiration occurs
mitochondrial the innermost space of the mitochondrion enclosed by 2 membranes; the
matrix location of many metabolic enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and 70S
ribosomes
plasma membrane composed of phospholipids forming a bilayer with embedded peripheral and
integral proteins. it contains sterols (cholesterol) that alter membrane fluidity.
contain sphingolipids that maintain membrane stability and help with signal
transduction and cell-to-cell communication
Section 1
Lesson 1
1. List several characteristics of prokaryotic cells.
Domain of Archaea and Bacteria
- Aren’t multicellular
-have single, circular
chromosomal DNA
a. osmotic pressure: occurs because of differences in concentration of solutes on opposing sides of a semipermeable
membrane. water can pass through this membrane, but solutes (salts, sugars, and other compounds) cannot. When
concentration is greater on one side, water diffuses from the side with more water to less water until they’re equal
, b. CELL MORPHOLOGIES COMMONLY FOUND IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS:
COCCUS round
BACILLUS Rod
VIBRIO Curved rod
COCCOBACILLUS Short rod
SPIRILLUM Spiral
SPIROCHETE Long, loose, helical spiral
c. COMMON PROKARYOTIC CELL ARRANGEMENTS
COCCUS Single coccus
DIPLOCOCCUS Pair of 2 cocci
TETRAD Grouping of 4 cells arranged in
square
STREPTOCOCCUS Chain of cocci
STAPHYLOCOCCUS Cluster of cocci
BACILLUS Single rod
STREPTOBACILLUS Chain of rods
2. What components do cells have?
a. Cytoplasm – gel like substance composed of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth
b. Cytoplasm is contained within a plasma membrane (called a cell membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
c. One or more chromosomes – contain genetic blueprints of the cell
d. Ribosomes – organelles used to produce proteins
, 3. List several characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
nucleus: surrounded by nuclear membrane and holds DNA genome.
controls all cell activity, holds role in reproduction and heredity.
DNA in nucleus is organized and condensed to fit inside nucleus because the
DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones
nuclear membrane: AKA nuclear envelope
holds nucleus and has 2 distinct lipid bilayers between the inner and outer
membranes. the inner and outer membranes contain unique lipids and
proteins.
The nuclear membrane/envelope contains nuclear spores, which are large,
rosette-shaped proteins that control materials moving in and out of the
nucleus.
nuclear lamina: determines overall shape of nucleus
a meshwork of intermediate filaments found just inside the nuclear envelope
membranes
mitosis: aka karyokinesis, period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated
chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase,
prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
meiosis: a 2 stage nuclear division process that results in 4 genetically distinct gametes
nucleolus: inside the nucleus where ribosomal RNA biosynthesis occurs and where
assembly of ribosomes begin
80s ribosomes Cytoplasmic eukaryotic ribosome composed of 60S and 40S subunits
Free ribosomes Eukaryotic 80S ribosome found in the cytoplasm; synthesizes water-soluble
proteins
Membrane-bound 80S eukaryotic ribosome attached to rough ER
ribosomes Makes proteins for insertion into the cell membrane or proteins destined for
export from cell
endomembrane Series of organelles (ER, Golgi Apparatus, lysosomes, and transport vesicles)
system: arranged as membranous tubules, sacs, and disks that synthesize many cell
components (proteins and lipids)
, ER Part of endomembrane system that is an interconnected array of tubules and
flattened sacs with a single lipid bilayer that may be either rough or smooth;
important in synthesizing lipids and proteins
RER: studded with ribosomes bound on the cytoplasmic side of membrane.
These make proteins destined for the plasma membrane. these proteins bud
off as transport vesicles and move to either the golgi apparatus for further
processing.
SER: don’t have ribosomes; they’re involved in biosynthesis of lipids,
carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of toxic compounds within the
cell.
cisternae sacs of the ER
Lumen space inside the cisternae of ER in eukaryotic cells
Golgi apparatus modify lipids and proteins transported from the ER to the golgi, often adding
carb components to them, producing glycolipids, glycoproteins, or
proteoglycans. glycolipids and glycoproteins are often inserted into the plasma
membrane and are important for signal recognition by other cells or infectious
particles.
secretory vesicles: release their contents to the cell’s exterior (exocytosis)
transport vesicles membranous sac that carries molecules between various components of the
endomembrane system
cytoskeleton: made of microfilaments intermediate filaments, and microtubules
microfilaments cytoskeletal fiber composed of actin filaments (effect muscle contraction)
intermediate cytoskeletal fibers that act as cables within the cell and anchor the nucleus,
filaments comprise the nuclear lamina, or contribute to the formation of desmosomes
microtubules hollow tube composed of tubulin dimers; the structural component of the
cytoskeleton, centrioles, flagella, and cilia
provides structural support and transports materials within the cell and
anchors organelles
pseudopodia: temporary projections involved in ameboid movement; these “false feet” form
by gel-sol cycling of actin polymerization/depolymerization
mitochondria aerobic cellular respiration occurs
mitochondrial the innermost space of the mitochondrion enclosed by 2 membranes; the
matrix location of many metabolic enzymes as well as the mitochondrial DNA and 70S
ribosomes
plasma membrane composed of phospholipids forming a bilayer with embedded peripheral and
integral proteins. it contains sterols (cholesterol) that alter membrane fluidity.
contain sphingolipids that maintain membrane stability and help with signal
transduction and cell-to-cell communication
