NR503 EPIDEMIOLOGY FINAL, NR 503
EPI FINAL, NR 503 EPI MIDTERM
Common6risk6factors6-6ans--unhealthy6diet,6physical6inactivity,6tobacco6use
Childhood6risk6-6ans--
conditions6before6birth6and6early6in6childhood6influence6health6in6adult6life.
Risk6accumulation6-6ans--
Ageing6is6an6important6marker6of6the6accumulation6of6modifiable6risks6for6chronic6diseas
e
Underlying6determinants6-6ans--
a6reflection6of6the6major6forces6driving6social,6economic,6and6cultural6change.6I.e.6globali
zation,6urbanization,6population6ageing,6and6general6policy6environment
Poverty6-6ans--
interconnected6with6chronic6disease6in6a6vicious6circle6increasing6exposure6to6risks6and6
decreased6access6to6health6services
Primary6prevention6-6ans--
aims6to6prevent6disease.6I.e.6banning6hazardous6products,6educating6on6healthy/
safe6habits,6immunizations
Secondary6prevention6-6ans--
reduce6impact6of6disease6or6injury6that6has6already6occurred.6I.e.6screening6tests,6low-
dose6ASA,6suitably6modified6work
Tertiary6prevention6-6ans--
aims6to6soften6impact6of6ongoing6illness.6I.e.6cardiac6or6stroke6rehab,6support6groups,6vo
cational6rehab
Cross6Cultural6Health6Care6Program6(CCHCP)6-6ans--
materials6to6improve6cultural6competency6among6health6providers6to6provide6healthcare6
interventions6and6other6cultural6variants
Marginalization6-6ans--
Major6cause6of6vulnerability6referring6to6exposure6to6a6range6of6possible6harms
Variables6at6risk6for6marginalization6-6ans--
high6risk6health6literacy,6cultural6barriers,6low6english6proficiency
,Cultural6competence6-6ans--
a6dynamic,6fluid,6continuous6process6whereby6an6individual,6system6or6health6care6agen
cy6find6meaningful6and6useful6care6delivery6strategies6based6on6knowledge6of6the6cultur
al6heritage,6beliefs,6attitudes,6and6behavior6of6those6whom6they6render6care
Norms6&6values6-6ans--
soecific6practices6that6guide6the6actions6and6decisions6of6each6person6in6a6group6based6
on6their6culture.6Can6be6learned6or6shared.
Kleinman6Explanatory6Model6-6ans--
A6set6of6questions6that6the6APN6can6use6in6order6to6assess6the6culture6of6a6patient.
Socioeconomic6status6-6ans--
A6measure6that6takes6into6account6three6interrelated6dimensions:6a6person's6income6lev
el,6education6level,6and6typ6of6occupation.
Disparities6-6ans--
a6higher6burden6of6illness,6injury,6disability,6or6mortality6experiences6by6one6grup6relative
6to6another
Minorities6-6ans--
a6group6of6people6who6because6of6their6physical6or6cultural6characteristics,6are6singled6o
ut6from6the6other6in6society
Food6desert6-6ans--
neighborhoods6and6communities6that6have6limited6access6to6affordable6and6nutritious6fo
ods
Social6determinants6of6health6-6ans--
poverty,6education6level,6raciam,6income,6and6poor6housisng6that6effect6access6to6health
care
Social6justice6theory6-6ans--
the6goal6that6all6people6will6have6equal6opportunity6to6healthcare6access6and6quality6of6h
ealthcare6will6be6the6same
Data6sources6utilized6to6access6determinants6of6health6-6ans--
Healthy6People62020,6US6Census,6US6Department6of6Health6and6Human6Services,6Offic
e6of6Minority6Health6and6Health6Disparities
Accommodation6-6ans--
To6create6an6environment6that6accomodates6health6practice6and6ritual6from6other6culture
s6within6a6plan6of6care
, Acculturation6-6ans--
degree6to6which6an6individual6from6one6culture6has6given6up6the6traits6of6that6culture6and
6adopted6the6traits6of6the6dominant6culture6in6which6they6now6reside
Assimilation6-6ans--
the6social,6economic,6and6political6integration6of6a6cultural6group6into6mainstream6society
6to6which6it6may6have6emigrated
Genetics6-6ans--
place6patients6at6higher6risk6for6certain6disease6and6if6family6history6reveals6this6a6screen
ing6tool6could6be6used6to6determine6the6likelihood6of6a6person6developing6the6disease
Genetic6risk6assessment6-6ans--
when6a6patient6is6determined6to6have6a6gene6that6places6them6at6a6higher6risk6of6having6
a6disease6such6as6cancer,6diabetes,6or6cardiovascular6disease
Genomics6-6ans--
study6of6all6genes6in6the6human6genome6as6well6as6their6interaction6with6other6genes,6th
e6individuals6environment,6and6the6influence6of6cultural6and6psychosocial6factors
Pharmacogenomics6-6ans--
medication6efficacy,6toxicity,6and6drug6interaction6based6on6genetic6variations
Components6of6genetic6risk6assessment6-6ans--
Accurate6family6history6for636generations6or6genetic6blood6testing6to6reveal6genes
Relationship6between6genetics6and6environment6-6ans--
a6patient6may6have6a6gene6increasing6risks6of6disease6while6also6being6exposed6to6envir
onmental6factors6that6also6increase6risk6for6disease.6i.e.6lung6cancer6and6radon6gas
Cultural6competence6-6ans--
A6dynamic,6fluid,6continuous6process6whereby6an6individual,6system6or6healthcare6agenc
y6find6meaningful6and6useful6care6delivery6strategies6based6in6knowledge6of6the6cultural6
heritage,6beliefs,6attitudes,6and6behavior6of6those6to6whom6they6tender6care
Norms6and6values6-6ans--
Specific6practices6that6guide6their6actions6and6decisions6of6each6person6in6a6group6base
d6on6their6culture.6Can6be6either6learned6or6shared.
Kleinman6Explanatory6Model6-6ans--
A6set6of6questions6the6advanced6practice6nurse6can6use6in6order6to6assess6the6culture6of
6a6patient
Socio6economic6status6-6ans--
A6measure6that6takes6into6account6three6interrelated6dimensions:6a6persons6income6leve
EPI FINAL, NR 503 EPI MIDTERM
Common6risk6factors6-6ans--unhealthy6diet,6physical6inactivity,6tobacco6use
Childhood6risk6-6ans--
conditions6before6birth6and6early6in6childhood6influence6health6in6adult6life.
Risk6accumulation6-6ans--
Ageing6is6an6important6marker6of6the6accumulation6of6modifiable6risks6for6chronic6diseas
e
Underlying6determinants6-6ans--
a6reflection6of6the6major6forces6driving6social,6economic,6and6cultural6change.6I.e.6globali
zation,6urbanization,6population6ageing,6and6general6policy6environment
Poverty6-6ans--
interconnected6with6chronic6disease6in6a6vicious6circle6increasing6exposure6to6risks6and6
decreased6access6to6health6services
Primary6prevention6-6ans--
aims6to6prevent6disease.6I.e.6banning6hazardous6products,6educating6on6healthy/
safe6habits,6immunizations
Secondary6prevention6-6ans--
reduce6impact6of6disease6or6injury6that6has6already6occurred.6I.e.6screening6tests,6low-
dose6ASA,6suitably6modified6work
Tertiary6prevention6-6ans--
aims6to6soften6impact6of6ongoing6illness.6I.e.6cardiac6or6stroke6rehab,6support6groups,6vo
cational6rehab
Cross6Cultural6Health6Care6Program6(CCHCP)6-6ans--
materials6to6improve6cultural6competency6among6health6providers6to6provide6healthcare6
interventions6and6other6cultural6variants
Marginalization6-6ans--
Major6cause6of6vulnerability6referring6to6exposure6to6a6range6of6possible6harms
Variables6at6risk6for6marginalization6-6ans--
high6risk6health6literacy,6cultural6barriers,6low6english6proficiency
,Cultural6competence6-6ans--
a6dynamic,6fluid,6continuous6process6whereby6an6individual,6system6or6health6care6agen
cy6find6meaningful6and6useful6care6delivery6strategies6based6on6knowledge6of6the6cultur
al6heritage,6beliefs,6attitudes,6and6behavior6of6those6whom6they6render6care
Norms6&6values6-6ans--
soecific6practices6that6guide6the6actions6and6decisions6of6each6person6in6a6group6based6
on6their6culture.6Can6be6learned6or6shared.
Kleinman6Explanatory6Model6-6ans--
A6set6of6questions6that6the6APN6can6use6in6order6to6assess6the6culture6of6a6patient.
Socioeconomic6status6-6ans--
A6measure6that6takes6into6account6three6interrelated6dimensions:6a6person's6income6lev
el,6education6level,6and6typ6of6occupation.
Disparities6-6ans--
a6higher6burden6of6illness,6injury,6disability,6or6mortality6experiences6by6one6grup6relative
6to6another
Minorities6-6ans--
a6group6of6people6who6because6of6their6physical6or6cultural6characteristics,6are6singled6o
ut6from6the6other6in6society
Food6desert6-6ans--
neighborhoods6and6communities6that6have6limited6access6to6affordable6and6nutritious6fo
ods
Social6determinants6of6health6-6ans--
poverty,6education6level,6raciam,6income,6and6poor6housisng6that6effect6access6to6health
care
Social6justice6theory6-6ans--
the6goal6that6all6people6will6have6equal6opportunity6to6healthcare6access6and6quality6of6h
ealthcare6will6be6the6same
Data6sources6utilized6to6access6determinants6of6health6-6ans--
Healthy6People62020,6US6Census,6US6Department6of6Health6and6Human6Services,6Offic
e6of6Minority6Health6and6Health6Disparities
Accommodation6-6ans--
To6create6an6environment6that6accomodates6health6practice6and6ritual6from6other6culture
s6within6a6plan6of6care
, Acculturation6-6ans--
degree6to6which6an6individual6from6one6culture6has6given6up6the6traits6of6that6culture6and
6adopted6the6traits6of6the6dominant6culture6in6which6they6now6reside
Assimilation6-6ans--
the6social,6economic,6and6political6integration6of6a6cultural6group6into6mainstream6society
6to6which6it6may6have6emigrated
Genetics6-6ans--
place6patients6at6higher6risk6for6certain6disease6and6if6family6history6reveals6this6a6screen
ing6tool6could6be6used6to6determine6the6likelihood6of6a6person6developing6the6disease
Genetic6risk6assessment6-6ans--
when6a6patient6is6determined6to6have6a6gene6that6places6them6at6a6higher6risk6of6having6
a6disease6such6as6cancer,6diabetes,6or6cardiovascular6disease
Genomics6-6ans--
study6of6all6genes6in6the6human6genome6as6well6as6their6interaction6with6other6genes,6th
e6individuals6environment,6and6the6influence6of6cultural6and6psychosocial6factors
Pharmacogenomics6-6ans--
medication6efficacy,6toxicity,6and6drug6interaction6based6on6genetic6variations
Components6of6genetic6risk6assessment6-6ans--
Accurate6family6history6for636generations6or6genetic6blood6testing6to6reveal6genes
Relationship6between6genetics6and6environment6-6ans--
a6patient6may6have6a6gene6increasing6risks6of6disease6while6also6being6exposed6to6envir
onmental6factors6that6also6increase6risk6for6disease.6i.e.6lung6cancer6and6radon6gas
Cultural6competence6-6ans--
A6dynamic,6fluid,6continuous6process6whereby6an6individual,6system6or6healthcare6agenc
y6find6meaningful6and6useful6care6delivery6strategies6based6in6knowledge6of6the6cultural6
heritage,6beliefs,6attitudes,6and6behavior6of6those6to6whom6they6tender6care
Norms6and6values6-6ans--
Specific6practices6that6guide6their6actions6and6decisions6of6each6person6in6a6group6base
d6on6their6culture.6Can6be6either6learned6or6shared.
Kleinman6Explanatory6Model6-6ans--
A6set6of6questions6the6advanced6practice6nurse6can6use6in6order6to6assess6the6culture6of
6a6patient
Socio6economic6status6-6ans--
A6measure6that6takes6into6account6three6interrelated6dimensions:6a6persons6income6leve
