Samenvatting door Mette Visser
Grammar 3
All tenses:
Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd
- Present simple -> Habits, routines & to express future
I work
- Present continuous -> Now & future
I am working
Voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
- Present perfect -> Started in the past & still going on
I have worked
I have been working (more emphasis)
Onvoltooid verleden tijd
- Past simple (closed) -> Totally finished
I worked
- Past continuous (open) -> No clear indication of time, longer action
I was working
Voltooid verleden tijd
- Past perfect -> 2 actions
I had worked
I had been working
Chapter 18: The -ing form / gerund
Used when:
● After a number of verbs -> Admit, avoid, dislike etc.
● After a preposition -> without, of, to, on, by, in, before
● -ing form as part of the subject -> ‘Advertising is expensive’
● After: ‘busy’ , ‘worth it’ , ‘it is no use’ and ‘it is no good’
Chapter 19: -ing form or to-infinitive
● Start/continue/begin/intend => Both forms can be used
○ But after a continuous form -> to-infinitive is used (It is starting to rain)
● Like/love/hate/prefer => Both forms can be used
○ After would like/love -> to-infinitive
● Remember/forget/regret
○ If it refers to the past => -ing form
○ If it refers to the present or future -> to-infinitive
○ Regret + to-infinitive for announcements of bad news.
‘I regret to inform you…’
● Advise/allow/permit/recommend
○ With indirect object -> to-infinitive
, Samenvatting door Mette Visser
‘he advised me to leave’
○ Without indirect object -> -ing form
‘he advised leaving earlier’
● Need/want => Passive = -ing form
● Mean
○ Intend -> to-infinitive
‘I did not mean to do this’
○ involve -> -ing form
‘This means we have to do something’
● Learn
○ Both forms can be used after a reference to lessons or study
○ Other -> to-infinitive
● Used to
○ Be accustomed to -> Be used to + -ing
○ Habit in the past -> Used to + infinitive
● Try
○ Attempt -> To-infinitive
○ Experiment -> -ing form
Chapter 20: The bare infinitive
Two types of infinitives: ‘go’ -> bare infinitive & ‘to go’
● See/hear/feel/watch/notice
○ When these verbs express a physical perception => Direct object + bare
infinitive or direct object + -ing form
‘I heard him leave/leaving the house’
● See/hear/feel + that-clause
○ Mental perception => that-clause
‘I saw that he was tired’
○ That-clause must be used after see when a state is expressed => ‘I saw that the
looked pale’
● Have (laten doen/maken etc.)
○ Active sentence (person doing something is mentioned) => Bare infinitive
‘I had the mechanic check my tyres’
○ Passive sentence (person is not mentioned) => Past participle
‘I had my tyres checked’
● Make
○ If it means force or cause => Direct object + bare infinitive
‘He made me laugh’
● Dare/need
Grammar 3
All tenses:
Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd
- Present simple -> Habits, routines & to express future
I work
- Present continuous -> Now & future
I am working
Voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
- Present perfect -> Started in the past & still going on
I have worked
I have been working (more emphasis)
Onvoltooid verleden tijd
- Past simple (closed) -> Totally finished
I worked
- Past continuous (open) -> No clear indication of time, longer action
I was working
Voltooid verleden tijd
- Past perfect -> 2 actions
I had worked
I had been working
Chapter 18: The -ing form / gerund
Used when:
● After a number of verbs -> Admit, avoid, dislike etc.
● After a preposition -> without, of, to, on, by, in, before
● -ing form as part of the subject -> ‘Advertising is expensive’
● After: ‘busy’ , ‘worth it’ , ‘it is no use’ and ‘it is no good’
Chapter 19: -ing form or to-infinitive
● Start/continue/begin/intend => Both forms can be used
○ But after a continuous form -> to-infinitive is used (It is starting to rain)
● Like/love/hate/prefer => Both forms can be used
○ After would like/love -> to-infinitive
● Remember/forget/regret
○ If it refers to the past => -ing form
○ If it refers to the present or future -> to-infinitive
○ Regret + to-infinitive for announcements of bad news.
‘I regret to inform you…’
● Advise/allow/permit/recommend
○ With indirect object -> to-infinitive
, Samenvatting door Mette Visser
‘he advised me to leave’
○ Without indirect object -> -ing form
‘he advised leaving earlier’
● Need/want => Passive = -ing form
● Mean
○ Intend -> to-infinitive
‘I did not mean to do this’
○ involve -> -ing form
‘This means we have to do something’
● Learn
○ Both forms can be used after a reference to lessons or study
○ Other -> to-infinitive
● Used to
○ Be accustomed to -> Be used to + -ing
○ Habit in the past -> Used to + infinitive
● Try
○ Attempt -> To-infinitive
○ Experiment -> -ing form
Chapter 20: The bare infinitive
Two types of infinitives: ‘go’ -> bare infinitive & ‘to go’
● See/hear/feel/watch/notice
○ When these verbs express a physical perception => Direct object + bare
infinitive or direct object + -ing form
‘I heard him leave/leaving the house’
● See/hear/feel + that-clause
○ Mental perception => that-clause
‘I saw that he was tired’
○ That-clause must be used after see when a state is expressed => ‘I saw that the
looked pale’
● Have (laten doen/maken etc.)
○ Active sentence (person doing something is mentioned) => Bare infinitive
‘I had the mechanic check my tyres’
○ Passive sentence (person is not mentioned) => Past participle
‘I had my tyres checked’
● Make
○ If it means force or cause => Direct object + bare infinitive
‘He made me laugh’
● Dare/need
