A&P 2 MGCCC FINAL EXAM 2024-2025
List kidney functions (pages 995–996). - ANSWER Waste excretion, blood
ionic composition, blood pH modulation, Blood volume regulation, blood
pressure regulation, blood osmolarity maintenance, hormone production and
modulation, and blood glucose level regulation
List the waste products that the kidneys regularly expel (p. 1011). - ANSWER
Water, proteins, sodium and chloride ions, bicarbonate ions, glucose, urea,
potassium ions, uric acid, creatinine
Which layer of smooth dense irregular connective tissue surrounds the kidney
and the outer layer of the ureter? (pg. 995) - ANSWER: renal fascia
What component of the kidney lies between the renal pyramids? (pg. 998) -
Answer: renal columns.
List the order in which blood flows through the kidneys (page 998). - ANSWER
Renal arteries, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical
radiate arteries, afferent arteries, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles,
peritubular capillaries, peritubular venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins,
interlobar veins, and renal vein
List the order in which filtrate flows through a cortical nephron (p. 1001). -
ANSWER Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, ascending and
descending limbs of the nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule.
Which nephron structure has the highest substance reabsorption rate? (pg. 1010)
- Answer: proximal convoluted tubule.
What nephron structure filters blood plasma? (pg. 999) - Answer: glomerulus.
What is reabsorption? (pg. 1005) - ANSWER the process of the nephron
removing water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the
circulating blood
, What is tubular secretion? (pg. 1005) - Answer: the transfer of materials from
peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of
reabsorption.
What is the basement membrane? (pg. 1007) - The majority of animal tissues
are surrounded by thin, thick sheets of specialized, self-assembled extracellular
matrix.
What is the myogenic mechanism? (pg. 1008) - ANSWER how arteries and
arterioles respond to an increase or drop in blood pressure to keep the blood
flow constant within the blood vessel.
What is the transcellular reabsorption route? (pg. 1011) - ANSWER moves
from fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane of a tubule cell,
across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid via the basolateral membrane.
How much of the filtered water do the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb?
(pg. 1012) - ANSWER: 65%
How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys? (pg. 1016) - ANSWER promotes
Na-H exchange, which increases sodium reabsorption. Increased Na levels in
the body operate to raise the osmolarity of the blood, causing a shift of fluid into
the blood volume and extracellular space.
Where does the urea recycling occur? (pg. 1020) - The ANSWER loop of
Henle.
What happens to blood pH as the release of hydrogen ions (H+) increases? (pg.
1021) - ANSWER pH decreases.
What happens to blood sodium (Na+) levels as aldosterone output increases?
(pg. 1016) - ANSWER: add sodium.
What is a urinalysis? (pg. 1022) - ANSWER: Urine is analyzed physically,
chemically, and microscopically to detect the presence of disease, drugs, etc.
List kidney functions (pages 995–996). - ANSWER Waste excretion, blood
ionic composition, blood pH modulation, Blood volume regulation, blood
pressure regulation, blood osmolarity maintenance, hormone production and
modulation, and blood glucose level regulation
List the waste products that the kidneys regularly expel (p. 1011). - ANSWER
Water, proteins, sodium and chloride ions, bicarbonate ions, glucose, urea,
potassium ions, uric acid, creatinine
Which layer of smooth dense irregular connective tissue surrounds the kidney
and the outer layer of the ureter? (pg. 995) - ANSWER: renal fascia
What component of the kidney lies between the renal pyramids? (pg. 998) -
Answer: renal columns.
List the order in which blood flows through the kidneys (page 998). - ANSWER
Renal arteries, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical
radiate arteries, afferent arteries, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles,
peritubular capillaries, peritubular venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins,
interlobar veins, and renal vein
List the order in which filtrate flows through a cortical nephron (p. 1001). -
ANSWER Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, ascending and
descending limbs of the nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule.
Which nephron structure has the highest substance reabsorption rate? (pg. 1010)
- Answer: proximal convoluted tubule.
What nephron structure filters blood plasma? (pg. 999) - Answer: glomerulus.
What is reabsorption? (pg. 1005) - ANSWER the process of the nephron
removing water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returning them to the
circulating blood
, What is tubular secretion? (pg. 1005) - Answer: the transfer of materials from
peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of
reabsorption.
What is the basement membrane? (pg. 1007) - The majority of animal tissues
are surrounded by thin, thick sheets of specialized, self-assembled extracellular
matrix.
What is the myogenic mechanism? (pg. 1008) - ANSWER how arteries and
arterioles respond to an increase or drop in blood pressure to keep the blood
flow constant within the blood vessel.
What is the transcellular reabsorption route? (pg. 1011) - ANSWER moves
from fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane of a tubule cell,
across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid via the basolateral membrane.
How much of the filtered water do the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb?
(pg. 1012) - ANSWER: 65%
How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys? (pg. 1016) - ANSWER promotes
Na-H exchange, which increases sodium reabsorption. Increased Na levels in
the body operate to raise the osmolarity of the blood, causing a shift of fluid into
the blood volume and extracellular space.
Where does the urea recycling occur? (pg. 1020) - The ANSWER loop of
Henle.
What happens to blood pH as the release of hydrogen ions (H+) increases? (pg.
1021) - ANSWER pH decreases.
What happens to blood sodium (Na+) levels as aldosterone output increases?
(pg. 1016) - ANSWER: add sodium.
What is a urinalysis? (pg. 1022) - ANSWER: Urine is analyzed physically,
chemically, and microscopically to detect the presence of disease, drugs, etc.
