NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

NURS 5315 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
OvarianDcancerDsiteDofDmetastasis?D-
DANSWERDPeritonealDsurfaces,DomentumD(foldDofDperitoneumDconnectingDtheDstomachDwithDotherDabdo

minalDorgans),D*liver*



TheDincreasedDNADH/NAD+DratioDinDtheDliverDfromDethanolDcauses:D-DANSWERD1.DPyruvateD--
>DlacticDacid,DcausingDlacticDacidosis

2.DOxaloacetateD-->Dmalate.DThisDpreventsDgluconeogenesisDandDleadsDtoDhypoglycemia

3.DGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphateD-->DglycerolD3-
DphosphateDandDcombinesDwithDfattyDacidsDtoDformDtriglyceridesDinDtheDliver,DknownDasDhepatosteatosis



4.DDecreasesDcitricDacidDcycleDproductionDofDNADHDandDleadsDtoDusingDAcetyl-
CoADforDketogenesisDandDlipogenesis



WhatDcanDReactiveDOxygenDSpeciesDcause?D-
DANSWERDHeartDdisease,DAlzheimers,DParkinsons,DAmyotrophicDLateralDSclerosisD(ALS),DCVDdisease,DHTN,D

HLD,DDM,DischemicDheartDdisease,DHF,DOSA.DLipidDperioxidation,DdamageDproteins,DfragmentDDNA,DlessD*p
roteinDsynthesis*,DchromatinDdestruction,DdamageDmitochondria



WhatDisDtheDbody'sDdefenseDagainstDROS?D-
DANSWERDAntioxidantsD(VitaminDE,DVitaminDC,Dcysteine,Dglutathione,Dalbumin,Dceruloplasmin,Dtransferrin)




HowDareDfreeDradicalsDproduced?D-DANSWERD1.DNormalDcellularDrespiration

2.DAbsorptionDofDextremeDenergyDsourcesD(radiation,DUVDlight)

3.DMetabolismDofDexogenousDchemicals,Ddrugs,DandDpesticides

4.DTransitionDofDmetals

5.DNitricDoxideDactingDlikeDaDchemicalDmediatorDandDaDfreeDradical



actionDpotentialD-DANSWERDProcessDofDconductingDanDimpulse.DActivatesDtheDneuronD--
>DtheDneuronDdepolarizesD-->DthenDrepolarizes

,ThresholdDpotentialD-
DANSWERDPointDatDwhichDdepolarizationDmustDreachDinDorderDtoDinitiateDanDactionDpotential




HypokalemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-DANSWERDHYPERpolarizedD(moreDnegative,Dex.D-
100).DLessDexcitable.DDecreasedDneuromuscularDexcitability:Dweakness,DsmoothDmuscleDatony,Dparesthesi
a,DcardiacDdysrhythmias



HyperkalemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-
DANSWERDHYPOpolarizedD(moreDpositive,Dex:DcloserDtoD0).DMoreDexcitable.DPeakedDTDwaves.D



WhenDrestingDmembraneDpotential=thresholdDpotential,DitDisDBADD=DcardiacDstandstill,Dparesthesia,Dparal
ysis



HypocalcemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-
DANSWERDIncreasedDpermeabilityDtoDNa+.DMoreDexcitable.DTetany,Dhyperreflexia,DcircumoralDparesthesia,D

seizures,Ddysrhythmias.



HypercalcemiaDandDactionDpotentialsD-
DANSWERDDecreasedDpermeabilityDtoDNa+.DLessDexcitable.DWeakness,Dhyporeflexia,Dfatigue,Dlethargy,Dconf

usion,Dencephalopathy,DdepressedDTDwaves



AtrophyD-
DANSWERDOccursDasDaDresultDofDdecreaseDinDworkDload,Dpressure,Duse,DbloodDsupply,Dnutrition,DhormonalD

stimulation,DorDnervousDstimulation.DOnceDtheDcellDhasDdecreasedDinDsize,DitDhasDnowDcompensatedDforDd
ecreasedDbloodDsupply,DnerveDsupply,DnutrientDsupply,DhormonalDsupply,DandDhasDachievedDnewDhomeost
asis.DCellsDareDaliveDbutDhaveDdiminishedDfunctionDandDmayDleadDtoDcellularDdeath.



AtrophyDexamplesD-DANSWERDPhysiologicDatrophy-DshrinkingDofDtheDthymusDglandDduringDchildhood.

DisuseDatrophy-DsomeoneDthatDendsDupDbeingDparalyzed



HypertrophyD-
DANSWERDIncreaseDinDSIZEDofDcells,DwhichDwillDleadDtoDincreaseDinDsizeDofDorgan.DCausedDbyDhormonalDsti

mulationDorDincreasedDfunctionalDdemand.

, HypertrophyDexamplesD-DANSWERDphysiologicDhypertrophy-
DskeletalDhypertrophyDwhenDaDpersonDdoesDheavyDworkDorDweightDliftingD/DwhenDaDkidneyDisDsurgicallyDre

moved,DtheDotherDkidneyDincreasesDinDsize

pathologicDhypertrophy-
DcardiomegalyDresultsDfromDanDincreasedDworkloadDinDhypertensiveDpatientsD/D*leftDventricularDhypertrop

hy*



HyperplasiaD-
DANSWERDIncreaseDinDNUMBERDofDcells.DResultsDfromDincreasedDrateDofDmitosis.DCanDONLYDhappenDinDcell

sDthatDareDcapableDofDmitosisD(cellDdivision).



HyperplasiaDexamplesD-DANSWERD1.DThickeningDofDskinDbecauseDofDhyperplasiaDofDepidermalDcells.

2.DHormonalDhyperplasia-DoccursDinDestrogenDdependentDorgansDlikeDuterusDandDbreast.

3.DCompensatoryDhyperplasia-DliverDregenerates,DcallusDonDskin

4.DPathologicDhyperplasia-
DestrogenDisDunopposedDbyDprogesteroneDandDtheDendometrialDliningDundergoesDhyperplasiaDandDincreas

edDriskDforDendometrialDcancer



DysplasiaD-
DANSWERDabnormalDchangesDinDtheDsize,Dshape,DandDorganizationDofDmatureDcellsDdueDtoDpersistent,Dseve

reDcellDinjuryDorDirritation



DysplasiaDexamplesD-
DANSWERDPreDcancerDpapDsmearsDoftenDshowDdysplasticDcellsDofDtheDcervixDthatDmustDundergoDtreatment

.



MetaplasiaD-
DANSWERDChangedDcellDthatDisDREVERSIBLED(oneDcellDisDreplacedDbyDanotherDcell).DExposureDtoDchronicDstr

essors,DinjuryDorDirritation,DlikeDsmokingDorDhydrochloricDacidDfromDheartDburn



MetaplasiaDexamplesD-
DANSWERDMostDcommonDisDchangeDfromDcolumnarDcellsDtoDsquamousDcellsD(chronicDsmokers).D



LessDcommonDisDchangeDfromDsquamousDtoDcolumnarDcells,DlikeDinDBarrettDEsophagusDcausedDbyDheartDbu
rn.