Boards Part 1 - Pathology - Irene Gold –
Questions And Answers
Types of degeneration... - -
-What tissue type and what pathologies does Calcification, metastatic
cause? - -Calcium infiltration into *normal tissue*.
E.g. hyper*vitamin D* ., hyper*parathyroidism*
-Calcification, dystrophic - -Calcium infiltration into abnormal/*damaged
tissue*
E.g. *atherosclerosis or atheroma*. Damage to tunica intima
-Caseous (cheese like) - -Combination of *ischemic* cell death & cell lysis.
*Tuberculosis*, giant epithelial cell
-Cloudy swelling - -*Albuminous*.
- Membrane injured which effects *ionic transfer*
AKA hydropic change
cloudy swelling is *reversible*
-Coagulation - -*Infarction* (MI), blood vessels
*zymogen*
-Enzymatic - -pancreas
-Fatty - -1. Liver, aka *nutmeg liver*
2. Heart, aka *tabby cat heart*
3. fatty dot > fatty streak > *atheroma (fatty plaque)* > fibroatheroma
(fibrous tissue, calcium)
-Liquefaction - -CNS:
- brain melts,
- *tertiary syphilis*,
- *leprosy* = *aka Hansens disease*
Skin: (if from infection)
,- *tabes dorsalis*
-Wallerian - -*Peripheral nerves*.
Degenerates to the next node of ranvier. "dying back phenomenon"
-Zenker's (waxy) - -Hyaline. Most common in *skeletal* muscle.
*Muscle replaced with hyaline*
-Degeneration of nucleus... - -cell must die
Karyo = nucleus
-Karyo*lysis* - -nuclear *fading*/rupture (*DNA breakdown: irreversible*)
-Karyo*rrhexis* - -Nuclear *swelling* (chromattin fragmentation)
-Pyknosis - -Nuclear *condensation*
AKA karyopyknosis
*= prolonged cell death with apoptosis*
-Developmental changes... - -
-Agenesis - -*absence* of an organ (usually pair organ)
-Aplasia - -*Small remnants* of the organ present (lack of development)
-Hypoplasia - -*tiny organ* -- defective
-Disturbances of growth... - -
-Atrophy - -Decrease in size (disuse atrophy). seen mostly in muscle
-Hypertrophy - -Increase in size (E.g. muscle exercise)
-Hyperplasia - -Increase in number of *cells*
(e.g. *pregnant uterus, goiter, callous*)
-Metaplasia - -Changes from *one cell type to another*.
E.g. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) changing into
stratified squamous in lungs of smokers.
GERD > Baretts
,also is the last reversible stage before cancer
-Dysplasia - -Change in *size, shape or function* of a cell.
most importantly know dysplasia = *Precancerous*
-Anaplasia - -Complete *disorganization* of a cell (cancer)
E.g. squamous cell carcinoma
-Collagen types... - -
-Type 1 collagen - -Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments, annulus fibrosis
-Type 2 collagen - -Disc (specifically nucleus pulposis), notochord
-Type 3 collagen - -*Reticular collagen* found in spleen & lymph nodes. Also
seen in *early wound healing*
-Type 4 collagen - -Basement membrane
-Pneumococnosis: - -Inhalation & deposition of *dust particles* in the lung
-Silicosis - -Silica from sand, rock, or glass. Sandblasters at risk. *rocky
quarry disease*
-Asbestosis - -asbestos leads to *mesothelioma*. malignant tumor
*inhaling glass shards (fiber glass)*
-Siderosis - -*Iron* dust
-Byssinosis - -*Cotton* dust. "brown lung"
-Anthracosis - -*Black lung* disease from miners. (*coal miners at risk*)
"Caplan's syndrome" = anthracosis + RA
-Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis - -Endemic *fungus* around mississippi or
ohio valleys. *Ohio valley fever*
AKA *mississippi valley fever*
*bird/bat* droppings
, *chicken coops*
-Coccidiomycosis - -Endemic *fungus* in deserts of southwest.
Aka *san joaquin valley fever*.
Called 'valley fever' in other states
-Blastomycosis - -Endemic *fungus* on eastern seaboard: From *Florida to
nova scotia*
AKAs:
-Blastomycetic dermatitis
-Gilchrist's disease
-*Chicago disease*
-Cryptococcus - -*Bird* droppings (in soil)
-Lung diseases - -
-Asthma - -Know that it is a *Type 1 hypersensitivity*
Sputum analysis yields *Curschmann's spirals* or *Charcot leyden crystals*
*Type 1 HS*
-Cystic fibrosis - -Affects chloride channels.
"sweat test".
mother notices 1st ...tastes salt.
*Salty baby syndrome*.
Affects *GI and respiratory mucus linings* and *exocrine* secretions.
Susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Lung transplants frequently required.
*Found in caucasians, warm moist areas*
-Hemo*siderosis* - -*Iron* in lungs due to bleeding
-Pulmonary fibrosis - -*Honeycomb* lung
Questions And Answers
Types of degeneration... - -
-What tissue type and what pathologies does Calcification, metastatic
cause? - -Calcium infiltration into *normal tissue*.
E.g. hyper*vitamin D* ., hyper*parathyroidism*
-Calcification, dystrophic - -Calcium infiltration into abnormal/*damaged
tissue*
E.g. *atherosclerosis or atheroma*. Damage to tunica intima
-Caseous (cheese like) - -Combination of *ischemic* cell death & cell lysis.
*Tuberculosis*, giant epithelial cell
-Cloudy swelling - -*Albuminous*.
- Membrane injured which effects *ionic transfer*
AKA hydropic change
cloudy swelling is *reversible*
-Coagulation - -*Infarction* (MI), blood vessels
*zymogen*
-Enzymatic - -pancreas
-Fatty - -1. Liver, aka *nutmeg liver*
2. Heart, aka *tabby cat heart*
3. fatty dot > fatty streak > *atheroma (fatty plaque)* > fibroatheroma
(fibrous tissue, calcium)
-Liquefaction - -CNS:
- brain melts,
- *tertiary syphilis*,
- *leprosy* = *aka Hansens disease*
Skin: (if from infection)
,- *tabes dorsalis*
-Wallerian - -*Peripheral nerves*.
Degenerates to the next node of ranvier. "dying back phenomenon"
-Zenker's (waxy) - -Hyaline. Most common in *skeletal* muscle.
*Muscle replaced with hyaline*
-Degeneration of nucleus... - -cell must die
Karyo = nucleus
-Karyo*lysis* - -nuclear *fading*/rupture (*DNA breakdown: irreversible*)
-Karyo*rrhexis* - -Nuclear *swelling* (chromattin fragmentation)
-Pyknosis - -Nuclear *condensation*
AKA karyopyknosis
*= prolonged cell death with apoptosis*
-Developmental changes... - -
-Agenesis - -*absence* of an organ (usually pair organ)
-Aplasia - -*Small remnants* of the organ present (lack of development)
-Hypoplasia - -*tiny organ* -- defective
-Disturbances of growth... - -
-Atrophy - -Decrease in size (disuse atrophy). seen mostly in muscle
-Hypertrophy - -Increase in size (E.g. muscle exercise)
-Hyperplasia - -Increase in number of *cells*
(e.g. *pregnant uterus, goiter, callous*)
-Metaplasia - -Changes from *one cell type to another*.
E.g. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE) changing into
stratified squamous in lungs of smokers.
GERD > Baretts
,also is the last reversible stage before cancer
-Dysplasia - -Change in *size, shape or function* of a cell.
most importantly know dysplasia = *Precancerous*
-Anaplasia - -Complete *disorganization* of a cell (cancer)
E.g. squamous cell carcinoma
-Collagen types... - -
-Type 1 collagen - -Bone, muscle, tendons & ligaments, annulus fibrosis
-Type 2 collagen - -Disc (specifically nucleus pulposis), notochord
-Type 3 collagen - -*Reticular collagen* found in spleen & lymph nodes. Also
seen in *early wound healing*
-Type 4 collagen - -Basement membrane
-Pneumococnosis: - -Inhalation & deposition of *dust particles* in the lung
-Silicosis - -Silica from sand, rock, or glass. Sandblasters at risk. *rocky
quarry disease*
-Asbestosis - -asbestos leads to *mesothelioma*. malignant tumor
*inhaling glass shards (fiber glass)*
-Siderosis - -*Iron* dust
-Byssinosis - -*Cotton* dust. "brown lung"
-Anthracosis - -*Black lung* disease from miners. (*coal miners at risk*)
"Caplan's syndrome" = anthracosis + RA
-Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis - -Endemic *fungus* around mississippi or
ohio valleys. *Ohio valley fever*
AKA *mississippi valley fever*
*bird/bat* droppings
, *chicken coops*
-Coccidiomycosis - -Endemic *fungus* in deserts of southwest.
Aka *san joaquin valley fever*.
Called 'valley fever' in other states
-Blastomycosis - -Endemic *fungus* on eastern seaboard: From *Florida to
nova scotia*
AKAs:
-Blastomycetic dermatitis
-Gilchrist's disease
-*Chicago disease*
-Cryptococcus - -*Bird* droppings (in soil)
-Lung diseases - -
-Asthma - -Know that it is a *Type 1 hypersensitivity*
Sputum analysis yields *Curschmann's spirals* or *Charcot leyden crystals*
*Type 1 HS*
-Cystic fibrosis - -Affects chloride channels.
"sweat test".
mother notices 1st ...tastes salt.
*Salty baby syndrome*.
Affects *GI and respiratory mucus linings* and *exocrine* secretions.
Susceptible to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Lung transplants frequently required.
*Found in caucasians, warm moist areas*
-Hemo*siderosis* - -*Iron* in lungs due to bleeding
-Pulmonary fibrosis - -*Honeycomb* lung
