EDF Exam 1 Review Exam Complete Questions And Correct Detailed Answers.

Name the three types of reinforcement from least to most intrusive (Duncan) - correct answer 1. Social 2. Activity 3. Tangible Examples of social reinforcement - correct answer -Praise -Smile -Hugs -Pat on back -Light squeeze on shoulder Examples of activity reinforcement - correct answer -Extra playground time -A special recording or tape -A party -Tablewasher or other desirable privilege -Playing with an intriguing new toy Examples of tangible reinforcement - correct answer -Stickers -Prizes -Trinkets -Tokens What guidelines should teachers follow in using reinforcers? - correct answer a. Unique to individual b. Must be more desirable to child than behavior teacher attempting to modify c. Expectations must be clear d. Awarded immediately after the desired behavior e. First consider least intrusive reinforce; as naturalistic as possible f. Use reinforcers less frequently when children begin to exhibit desired behavior From the perspective of Duncan et al., what are the characteristics of effective praise? - correct answer a. Specific: pinpoint specific aspects of child's behavior or product (rather than using vague, general praise) b. Delivered privately c. Emphasizes improvement of process, rather than the finished product Example: "Justin, you put each block in its place on the shelf"; communicates that she has paid attention to and is genuinely interested in, what the child has done Instead of using reinforcers to change students' undesirable behaviors, what did Wolfgang recommend as a better way of changing their behavior? - correct answer Developmental theory: attempt to change behavior by trying to understand developmental needs: specifically, what may be causing such behaviors in the first place Use supportive actions to help transition What are our 3 basic psychological needs? (Ryan and Deci) - correct answer 1. Competence 2. Autonomy 3. Relatedness Competence - correct answer Definition: ability to do achieve/accomplish a task Social-contextual events related to achievement (feedback, communications, rewards) that increase students' feelings of competence can enhance intrinsic motivation. Autonomy - correct answer Definition: experience behavior as self-determined. Examples: choice, acknowledgment of feelings, and opportunities for self-direction. Relatedness - correct answer Secure relational base; connectedness or having the sense of belonging Teacher being caring and supportive; using active listening skills Name the three types of autonomy that can be supported in the classroom (stefanou) - correct answer 1. Organizational 2. Procedural 3. Cognitive Organizational - correct answer decision-making role in terms of classroom management issues Procedural - correct answer offering students choices about the use of different media to present ideas Cognitive - correct answer affording opportunities for students to evaluate work from a self-referent standard Define intrinsic motivation - correct answer doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself Identify the characteristics of intrinsic motivation - correct answer Interest, enjoyment, and inherent satisfaction How might teachers use their understanding of these characteristics to increase students' intrinsic motivation? - correct answer Teachers should implement activities based on student's interests. What happens to intrinsic motivation as children develop? What accounts for this development? - correct answer As children develop, their intrinsic motivation will decline due to social pressures, activities that are not interesting to them, and to assume a variety of new responsibilities. What is extrinsic motivation? - correct answer refers to the performance of an activity in order to obtain some separable outcome and contrasts with intrinsic motivation What is the danger associated with tangible reinforcers? - correct answer Tangible reinforcers can be successful short-term, but can cause long-term problems such as reducing intrinsic motivation. When should teachers use extrinsic motivation? - correct answer Teachers should use extrinsic motivation when students are amotivated. Identify the types of extrinsic motivation (Ryan and Deci) - correct answer External Regulation Introjected Regulation Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation External Regulation - correct answer behaving to gain some reward or avoid some negative contingency ex. losing weight to get a prize Introjected Regulation - correct answer behaving out of guilt or obligation or a need to prove something ex. losing weight to gain spouse's approval Identified Regulation - correct answer behaving because of the importance one ascribes to the behavior ex. losing weight because a healthy weight is an important goal to accomplish; Identified regulation also involves identifying with a role model or other person. Integrated Regulation - correct answer behaving because the behavior is consistent with other goals and values ex. losing weight because it is consistent with other goals and values What kind of praise did Dweck discover in her research could be harmful to children's motivation? - correct answer Praising Intelligence Why is praise for intelligence considered so dangerous? - correct answer Students will develop a fixed mindset, believe they can't improve ,and believe they aren't capable of accomplishing expectations. What negative effects of that praise did Dweck observe in her research? - correct answer -Regression -Fear of failure and being judged -Students' effort decreased -Students lied about their assessment scores. -Students lack a desire to participate in challenging tasks -Loss of confidence and motivation In light of Dweck's concerns, what kinds of praise should teachers use in the classroom? - correct answer Process praise/ praising effort Identify the components of effective praise and give an example of effective praise from Dweck's perspective. - correct answer Praise for effort and should be positive and specific What does Dweck mean by the fixed mindset (entity beliefs about intelligence) and the growth mindset (incremental beliefs about intelligence)? - correct answer Fixed Mindset-Believe intelligence is something you have and can not change or improve. Growth Mindset- Intelligence is something you can improve based on effort and challenging themselves. Why is it important to know whether students hold a fixed or growth theory of intelligence? - correct answer Students who have a fixed mindset may fear failure and shy away from challenging themselves to avoid it. They may value looking smart over the learning experience.Teachers should foster a growth mindset by encouraging maximum effort and praising students who try hard. A growth mindset produces higher levels of performance and motivation. What can teachers do to develop growth mindsets about intelligence in their students? - correct answer Use process praise, put more emphasis on improvement ,and put less emphasis on grades. What is contingent self-worth? - correct answer Contingent self-worth refers to whether children feel their worth is contingent or based on their behavior or performance. How does contingent self-worth develop? - correct answer Contingent self-worth develops when someone's ability or intelligence is criticized by someone else after a failure occurs or praised for intelligence or natural ability after a success Why should parents and teachers be concerned about children who develop contingent self-worth? - correct answer Parents and teachers should be concerned about students developing contingent self-worth because they become motivated by an internal sense of pride (if they succeed) or guilt/shame (if they fail) not interest or enjoyment of the activity. What should parents and teachers do to avoid contributing to the development of contingent self-worth in children? - correct answer praising students for effort, strategies, improvement, and process and providing challenging activities that the students enjoy Briefly describe the theory of possible selves? - correct answer Possible selves are conceptions of self concerning what one might become, what one hopes to become, and what fears becoming in the future. Positive possible selves include those self-conceptions and goals that one hopes to realize and negative possible selves refer to those self-conceptions that one hopes to avoid or fears becoming. Why is the theory of possible selves relevant to students' academic development? - correct answer -Students have a better understanding what it takes to reach goals. -Possible selves allow students to make more direct connections between future goals and strategies for attaining them. This helps students to become motivated to achieve these goals and perform better in the school setting. What can teachers do to help students develop possible selves that enhance their development? - correct answer -Writing about the possible selves that students imagines for themselves -Creating timelines of possible facilitators and obstacles to achieving their positive possible selves that help students see that setbacks are expected occurrences in progress to long-term goals. -Mapping out short-term academic goals that will enhance their progress to achieving their long-term goals. Define perceived self-efficacy (bandura) - correct answer People's judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performance Why is self-efficacy important? - correct answer -It has a powerful influence on motivation -Low self-efficacy makes for low self confidence which is not conducive to succeeding and achieving goals List the four strategies Bandura recommended as ways to increase perceived self-efficacy. - correct answer · Enactive mastery · Vicarious Experiences · Verbal Persuasion · Physiological/Affective State Give an example of the praise you might use to motivate a student on the basis of each one of the four strategies Bandura recommended to increase perceived self-efficacy. - correct answer · Enactive mastery: "You were able to..." (It is an accomplishment) · Vicarious experience: "Watch me as I..." "You can do this just as I did" (modeling) · Verbal persuasion: "As a result of...you were able to" (attribution) · Physiological/Affective State: "You must feel great" (feeling) Which of these four strategies has research repeatedly shown to be the most effective in changing people's behavior? - correct answer Enactive mastery, because it provides the most authentic evidence of whether one can muster whatever it takes to succeed Six cognitive processes Blooms Taxonomy - correct answer Remembering understanding applying analyzing evaluating creating Critical thinking - correct answer the mental process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information to reach an answer or conclusion Fisher Attributes for critical thinkers - correct answer 1. Desire to reason 2. Willingness to challenge the ideas of 3. desire for the truth and the value of doubt Describe three questions that increase critical thinking with examples - correct answer 1. Questions that focus attention ex: bears in story 2. Questions that focus comparison ex: Alike? Different? 3. Questions that seek clarification