HMX Immunology- ALL
X-linked SCID - X linked recessive autoimmune disorder, due to defect in SC1DX1, leads to defect in
gammac-cytokine receptor, if T cells lack this receptor they cannot mature, leads to a deficiency in B and
T cells
Vectored immunoprophylaxis - the introduction of DNA encoding an antibody into individuals;
creates antibodies that could be protective against a microbe; inexpensive
Immunosuppressive drugs - Chemical agents that cause the human body not to produce
antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the body. The production of these antibodies needs
to be suppressed in order to permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the recipient's body (block T cell
activation or kill lymphocytes)
ABO blood groups - carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs - bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes - mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
innate immunity - mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of rapid responses to
microbes
adaptive immunity - a more complex defense system against infection that requires some time to
develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by
lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes - a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off infections
PD-L1 - A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and non-immune cells, including
many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus
relieving a negative regulator of T cell function
,Checkpoint blockade - the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to inhibitory
signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly
CTLA-4 in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell - are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence
that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell
receptor; have been used to treat some types of cancer
Cross matching - method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test
tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) - these proteins are the most important determinants of an
allogenic immune response
HLA matching - used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies - Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent absence of any
infection. They have a broad specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens,
and can activate complement.
Neoantigen discovery - involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a tumor (due to
mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are capable of binding to host MHC; activates T
cells to recognize that peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy - Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed
by immune individual or animal; expensive and low throughput
Polymorphic proteins - proteins encoded by genes with more than one variant (allele) for that
gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation - The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site, or of an
organ or tissue from one person to another.
, Transplant rejection - Recognition by the immune system of a transplanted tissue as foreign and
subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T lymphocytes
Transfusion - transferring blood from one person to another
Transfusion reaction - reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its
own blood via complement activation and opsonization
Lupus - autoimmune disease in which antibodies form immune complexes that impair organ
function
Myasthenia gravis - autoimmune disease in which antibodies block the normal function of a host
protein
Psoriasis - autoimmune disorder that is mediated by effector T cells that cause inflammation in
the skin; the most common autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes - autoimmune disease caused by T cells that attack pancreatic cells
How do T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases? - by recognizing self antigens, migrating into
organs and tissues, and causing inflammation
Allergy - most common immune disease; involve IgE, mast cells, and eosinophils; can cause hives,
congestion, abdominal issues, and anaphylaxis
Allergy vs. Autoimmunity - Allergy is a response to environmental antigens, autoimmunity is a
response to self antigens
Degranulation - the release of the contents of mast cell granules in allergic reactions
X-linked SCID - X linked recessive autoimmune disorder, due to defect in SC1DX1, leads to defect in
gammac-cytokine receptor, if T cells lack this receptor they cannot mature, leads to a deficiency in B and
T cells
Vectored immunoprophylaxis - the introduction of DNA encoding an antibody into individuals;
creates antibodies that could be protective against a microbe; inexpensive
Immunosuppressive drugs - Chemical agents that cause the human body not to produce
antibodies that normally fight off foreign material in the body. The production of these antibodies needs
to be suppressed in order to permit the acceptance of a donor organ by the recipient's body (block T cell
activation or kill lymphocytes)
ABO blood groups - carbohydrate antigens on the surface of blood cells determine blood type
primary lymphoid organs - bone marrow and thymus
circulating leukocytes - mature immune cells that circulate through blood vessels
innate immunity - mechanisms that exist prior to infection and are capable of rapid responses to
microbes
adaptive immunity - a more complex defense system against infection that requires some time to
develop after initial exposure to the microbe; is specific and specialized and has memory; mediated by
lymphocytes with highly diverse antigen receptors
lymphocytes - a type of white blood cell that makes antibodies to fight off infections
PD-L1 - A protein that's expressed by immune cells, such as DCs, and non-immune cells, including
many cancer cells. Blocking this protein prevents its interaction with PD-1 expressed by T cells, thus
relieving a negative regulator of T cell function
,Checkpoint blockade - the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to inhibitory
signaling; accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells (mainly
CTLA-4 in lymph nodes and PD-1 in tissue)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell - are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence
that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell
receptor; have been used to treat some types of cancer
Cross matching - method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test
tube to determine compatibility
HLA (human leukocyte antigen) - these proteins are the most important determinants of an
allogenic immune response
HLA matching - used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection
Natural antibodies - Antibodies produced by the immune system in the apparent absence of any
infection. They have a broad specificity for self and microbial antigens, can react with many pathogens,
and can activate complement.
Neoantigen discovery - involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a tumor (due to
mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are capable of binding to host MHC; activates T
cells to recognize that peptide, thus destroying cancer cells
Passive immunotherapy - Individual acquires immunity through the transfer of antibodies formed
by immune individual or animal; expensive and low throughput
Polymorphic proteins - proteins encoded by genes with more than one variant (allele) for that
gene; can be abnormally expressed
Transplantation - The grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site, or of an
organ or tissue from one person to another.
, Transplant rejection - Recognition by the immune system of a transplanted tissue as foreign and
subsequent attack on the tissue; initiated by T lymphocytes
Transfusion - transferring blood from one person to another
Transfusion reaction - reaction of the body to a transfusion of blood that is not compatible with its
own blood via complement activation and opsonization
Lupus - autoimmune disease in which antibodies form immune complexes that impair organ
function
Myasthenia gravis - autoimmune disease in which antibodies block the normal function of a host
protein
Psoriasis - autoimmune disorder that is mediated by effector T cells that cause inflammation in
the skin; the most common autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes - autoimmune disease caused by T cells that attack pancreatic cells
How do T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases? - by recognizing self antigens, migrating into
organs and tissues, and causing inflammation
Allergy - most common immune disease; involve IgE, mast cells, and eosinophils; can cause hives,
congestion, abdominal issues, and anaphylaxis
Allergy vs. Autoimmunity - Allergy is a response to environmental antigens, autoimmunity is a
response to self antigens
Degranulation - the release of the contents of mast cell granules in allergic reactions
