Anatomy & Physiology 1 (SCF) Questions and answers

Cell Shapes - 1) Squamous 2) Cuboidal 3) Columnar 4) Transitional atoms - the smalles units of matter (made of subatomic particles- * protons (+) * neutrons (neutral) * electrons (-) physiology - study of functions of anatomical structures cytology - study of cells &their functions histology - study of tissues & their structures microscopic anatomy - examines cells & molecules Six levels of body organization - 1. chemical. 2. cellular. 3. tissues. 4. organs. 5. organ systems. 6. organismal. (IN ORDER) Cell - the smallest living unit of our body and it is made up of molecules Tissues - a group of similar cells that work together. The Organ Level - a group of different tissues working together - two or more tissue typesThe organism level - one living entity = an organism Integumentary System - MAJOR ORGANS: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands FUNCTION: protects, regulates body temp, sensory info Skeletal System - MAJOR ORGANS: Bones, cartilages, assoc. ligaments, bone marrow FUNCTIONS: support & protection 4 other tissues Stores calcium & other minerals, form blood cells Muscular System - ORGANS: skeletal muscles & assoc tendons FUNCTIONS: movement, protection & support for other tissues, generate heat to maintain body temp Nervous System - ORGANS: Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sense organs FUNCTIONS: Directs response to stimuli, moderates activities of other organ systems, provides & interprets sensory info (CONTROL CENTER FOR WHOLE BODY) Homeostasis - Balanced range - a stable internal environment Autoregulation (intrinsic) - Automatic response in a cell, tissue or organ to some environmental change anatomy - describes structures of body...what they are made of & where located Extrinsic Regulation - Responses controlled by nervous & endocrine systems Control of Homeostasis (3 components) - 1) Receptor - monitors the environment & responds to stimuli 2) Control Center - analyzes info & determines appropriate response 3) Effector - tissues/organs taht receive commands from the control center & carry it out.Negative Feedback - 99% of the time (opposite direction) response opposes or eliminates the original stimulus. Most common. Positive Feedback - The response enhances or exaggerates the original : blood clotting & contractions in child birth Metabolism - All the chemical processes that occur in the body Anabolism - to build up other chemicals (simple answer) -synthesis of new molecules w/i the body's cells & tissues Catabolism - to break down of molecules w/i the body Intracellular fluid - Inside of cell Extracellular fluid - Outside of cell Matter - anything that occupies space & has mass elements - made up of identical atoms Trace elements - present in small quantities but are very important for normal functioning Which element makes up most of our body? - Oxygen - ~65% What kind of charge do atoms have? - Atoms are electrically neutral ION - an atom with a charge (positive or negative) (gain or lose an e-)ISOTOPES - Atoms of an element with a different number of neutrons (# of protons remains same) MOLECULES - Formed when atoms share electrons (2 or more atoms hooked together) held by chemical bonds. ELECTRONS - * occupy shells * innermost shell holds up to 2 electons * All other shells like to have at least 8 electrons (octet rule) How do atoms obtain stability - * share electrons with another * give up electrons to another atom * Take on electrons from another atom IONIC BOND - - involves transfer of 1 or more electrons between atoms - resulting ions are highly attracted to one another - attraction provides the force behind the bond COVALENT BOND - Atoms share one or more valence electrons * Equal sharing = nonpolar covalent bond * Unequal sharing=polar covalent bond due to differences in electronegativity ex. (water)HYDROGEN BOND - * Hydrogen atoms with a partial positive charge attract neighboring atoms with a partial negative charge * A weak bond, but highly impt for temporary links between molecules Do we want stable or unstable atoms in our bodies? - Unstable Energy - The capacity to do work Energy can neither be created NOR destroyed Chemical Energy - A form of potential energy stored in chemical bonds which can be converted to kinetic energy INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - Do NOT contain carbon (exceptions: CO2, HCO3-) and have simple structures. INCLUDES: Water, Salts, Acids, Bases WATER IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS - Many of the chemical reactions in our body occur in water. Water is useful to dissolve BOTH organic & inorganic polar substances * A high heat capacity - can absorb & store a lot of heat w/o heating up too much itself * a high heat of vaporization which helps the body to maintain a constant body temp. * Reduces friction between 2 surfaces - Serous membranes - Mucus HYDROPHILIC - Water loving - substances w/polar covalent bonds