Genetics & Genetic Engineering
Notes
IEB Life Science
, Contents
Contents....................................................................................................................................... 2
Youtube.........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
Genes............................................................................................................................................3
Monohybrid Crosses................................................................................................................... 4
Example...................................................................................................................................4
Laws........................................................................................................................................ 5
Test Cross.................................................................................................................................... 5
Sex Chromosomes & Sex Linked Inheritance.......................................................................... 5
Sex-linked Alleles.................................................................................................................... 6
Red-green colour blindness:....................................................................................................6
Haemophilia:............................................................................................................................7
Polygenic Inheritance & Continuous Variation.........................................................................7
Gene Mutations............................................................................................................................7
Albinism:.................................................................................................................................. 8
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms........................................................................................... 8
Human Genome Project.............................................................................................................. 8
Pedigrees/Family Trees...............................................................................................................9
Genetic Engineering....................................................................................................................9
Recombinant DNA Technology................................................................................................ 10
Gene Therapy........................................................................................................................ 11
Genetically Modified Crop Plant............................................................................................ 12
GM Crops: Advantages & Disadvantages............................................................................. 13
Cloning in Animals.................................................................................................................... 14
CRISPR-Cas9............................................................................................................................. 15
What is it used for?................................................................................................................ 15
How was it discovered?......................................................................................................... 15
Ethics & the Future................................................................................................................ 16
, Youtube
● How Mendel’s pea plants helped us understand genetics: https://youtu.be/Mehz7tCxjSE
● Laws of genetics: https://youtu.be/mD0Onu2ArGA
● Alleles and genes: https://youtu.be/pv3Kj0UjiLE
● Recombinant DNA technology: https://youtu.be/OpU_CQ0pFyQ
● DNA cloning & recombinant DNA: https://youtu.be/5ffl-0OYVQU
● Genetic Engineering: https://youtu.be/CDw4WPng2iE?si=73tNcNErvVoAk9Rj
● Pedigree: https://youtu.be/Gd09V2AkZv4?si=NKB6fb2sjMaTQfqq
Introduction
● Gregor Mendel
- “Father of Genetics”
- Realised “something” passed from parent to offspring
Genes
● section of DNA
● Passed from parent to offspring
● Codes for a hereditary characteristic
● basic unit of heredity in living organisms
● Chromosome -> DNA -> Gene
● non-coding genes
○ Do not code for proteins
○ 98% of genes (2% of our DNA codes for proteins)
○ Occur between coding sections
● Each cell contains two alleles at a particular locus
● Locus: a position on a chromosome
● Alleles: version of a gene
○ found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes
○ alleles for purple or white colour of flowers
○ passed from parents to offspring by chromosomes in gametes
● Dominant allele: variant of gene that will be expressed in phenotype of heterozygous
organism
● Recessive allele: variant of gene that will be suppressed in phenotype of heterozygous
organism
Notes
IEB Life Science
, Contents
Contents....................................................................................................................................... 2
Youtube.........................................................................................................................................3
Introduction..................................................................................................................................3
Genes............................................................................................................................................3
Monohybrid Crosses................................................................................................................... 4
Example...................................................................................................................................4
Laws........................................................................................................................................ 5
Test Cross.................................................................................................................................... 5
Sex Chromosomes & Sex Linked Inheritance.......................................................................... 5
Sex-linked Alleles.................................................................................................................... 6
Red-green colour blindness:....................................................................................................6
Haemophilia:............................................................................................................................7
Polygenic Inheritance & Continuous Variation.........................................................................7
Gene Mutations............................................................................................................................7
Albinism:.................................................................................................................................. 8
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms........................................................................................... 8
Human Genome Project.............................................................................................................. 8
Pedigrees/Family Trees...............................................................................................................9
Genetic Engineering....................................................................................................................9
Recombinant DNA Technology................................................................................................ 10
Gene Therapy........................................................................................................................ 11
Genetically Modified Crop Plant............................................................................................ 12
GM Crops: Advantages & Disadvantages............................................................................. 13
Cloning in Animals.................................................................................................................... 14
CRISPR-Cas9............................................................................................................................. 15
What is it used for?................................................................................................................ 15
How was it discovered?......................................................................................................... 15
Ethics & the Future................................................................................................................ 16
, Youtube
● How Mendel’s pea plants helped us understand genetics: https://youtu.be/Mehz7tCxjSE
● Laws of genetics: https://youtu.be/mD0Onu2ArGA
● Alleles and genes: https://youtu.be/pv3Kj0UjiLE
● Recombinant DNA technology: https://youtu.be/OpU_CQ0pFyQ
● DNA cloning & recombinant DNA: https://youtu.be/5ffl-0OYVQU
● Genetic Engineering: https://youtu.be/CDw4WPng2iE?si=73tNcNErvVoAk9Rj
● Pedigree: https://youtu.be/Gd09V2AkZv4?si=NKB6fb2sjMaTQfqq
Introduction
● Gregor Mendel
- “Father of Genetics”
- Realised “something” passed from parent to offspring
Genes
● section of DNA
● Passed from parent to offspring
● Codes for a hereditary characteristic
● basic unit of heredity in living organisms
● Chromosome -> DNA -> Gene
● non-coding genes
○ Do not code for proteins
○ 98% of genes (2% of our DNA codes for proteins)
○ Occur between coding sections
● Each cell contains two alleles at a particular locus
● Locus: a position on a chromosome
● Alleles: version of a gene
○ found at the same locus on homologous chromosomes
○ alleles for purple or white colour of flowers
○ passed from parents to offspring by chromosomes in gametes
● Dominant allele: variant of gene that will be expressed in phenotype of heterozygous
organism
● Recessive allele: variant of gene that will be suppressed in phenotype of heterozygous
organism
