Unit 2 – Development dynamics Case studies:
Development measured using: economic indicators (e.g GDP Malawi, Africa:
per capita), Social indicators (e.g literacy rate), Political Stuck in a cycle of economic poverty
indicators (e.g corruption) Landlocked – has no coastline for trade, nearest port 800km
HDI uses the average four indicators: life expectancy, literacy, away via single track railway in Mozambique
average length of schooling, GDP per capita 1 in 5 people have HIV in Malawi – low life expectancy –
Relationship between economic development and other strain on healthcare
indicators → invested to other things e.g education Highest % of rural isolation – 85% live in rural areas. Poor
Demographic indicators e.g birth rate, gender, equality, fertility infrastructure. Telecomms slow and expensive
rate can measure development Climate change – water shortages as temps rise → increase in
Rostow’s model of development: droughts, can lead to famine, less investment etc. Crop yields
1. Traditional society = most work in primary sector/agriculture affected
2. Pre-conditions for take-off = shift from farming to Trade – Malawi exports is less than its imports as it mainly
manufacturing (primary → secondary sector) more exports primary products (e.g. raw tobacco). US and EU have
investment for infrastructure high tariff for processed goods – prevents Malawi from
3. Take-off = investment creates new industries, growth is rapid exporting such goods.
4. Drive to maturity = industries produce consumer good and Colonisation and cash crops – British colonised Malawi in 19 th
tech used throughout economy century where plantations are owned by them. They hire
5. High mass consumption = wealth spent on service sector e.g local labourers who are underpaid. Farmers rely on cash crops
healthcare. Consumers enjoy wide range of goods but price changes so income is unreliable
Frank’s dependency theory argues that: Global trade and international relations – WTO helps
o development is about core and periphery developing countries trade with wealthy countries but
o core regions are the developed nations doesn’t always work.
o periphery regions are the ‘others’ producing raw materials to India’s development:
sell to the core – depend on the core for their market How has situation allowed it to develop:
o Due to dependency, core becomes richer while periphery Coastal location with deep harbours. Access to Europe via
becomes poorer Suez canal. Diverse culture through Bollywood. Varied
Top-down development = large expensive schemes by landscape – attracts tourists.
governments or TNCs with experts who plan changes. Involve How Globalisation and Gov policies helped India develop:
loans from Gov banks o Containerisation – increased imports and exports
Bottom-up development = small-scale and inexpensive schmes o Improved telecommunications – call centres can be
organised by NGOs where experts work with communities to outsourced to India
identify their needs. Bring social and economic benefits to local o Cheap, large labour force, many outsourced jobs available,
communities. labour force becoming skilled
Social causes of inequality: o Economic liberalisation – gave freedom for businesses to
o Education (education system and its effects e.g. increased choose what to sell
unemployment) o Gov reduced import tariffs – foreign products imported
o Health – limited number of docs, unsubsidised healthcare cheaply
(not paid by gov) - some countries more vulnerable to o Gov encouraged FDI by ‘Special economic zones (SEZs)’
diseases than others where taxes reduced on company profits.
o Historically disadvantaged – economy may be affected by o Large railway/air/road investments projects – faster travel
the coloniser. Social change:
Environmental causes of inequality: o Urban expansion – construction of new apartments
o Climate – can affect whether a country has many resources o For urban women, education and career becomes more
to trade → more resources to trade = stronger economies. important = fewer children birth rate and fertility rate falls
More rain – water can be stored and sold. Warmer climates = → Population structure changes, reduced younger age
successful farming, colder = have to import more (£££). groups
More extreme weather – difficult to develop Economic change:
o Topography and geographical situation → if landlocked, then o TNCs have set up factories taking advantage of low wages –
can affect development compared to coastline e.g. BT centre in Bangalore
Topography – the shape of the land → affects where o By 2015 clothing was India’s biggest manufacturing
communities can build on industry earning $30 billion in GDP.
Political causes of inequality: o Most textile jobs have unequal pay agreement.
o Governance – different aims and styles of leadership. Most o Increased employment
developed countries have capitalist gov but they also have Environmental change:
greatest poor and rich inequality. o Increased energy consumption → increased greenhouse
o International relations – countries with more allies have gas emissions (India is 3rd largest emitter)
more opportunities to trade → economy can grow. Also o Large urban unplanned settlements lack clean water and
provides more support sanitation
o Corruption – high corruption means stats are lied about and Political change:
money is used in the wrong ways. o Member of BRICS
Top down projects: o Powerful player in ASEAN
(+) Large scale → more people benefit. Many job opportunities o Negotiations for free trade agreement with EU
due to large construction o Member of G20 group
(-) Locals have little voice and many evicted against will. Costs £ Costs and benefits of foreign influences on India:
££ and benefits take time before felt by locals. Requires lots of (+) Increased job opportunities. Investment in infrastructure.
concrete → produces CO2 and contributes to global warming. Increased global influence
Bottom-up projects: (-) Greater/more severe env impacts due to increased
(+) Focus on poorest families in a country → aims to reduce industry. Many jobs within TNCs erode local culture. Many
poverty and inequality. Relatively cheap so NGOs can help large develop nations don’t like India’s role in outsourcing – leading
number of families. to deindustrialisation of developed nations
(-) Rely on voluntary donations which limits amount of people Maharashtra (urban core region containing Mumbai):
they can afford to help. Without proper training and planning, HDI much higher in urban regions
they can be unsuccessful. Migration of young people led to large workforce → high
rates of investment → greater job opportunities
Higher literacy rates due to higher incomes
Top down project – Savadar Dam: Better standards of healthcare – more qualified docs
(+) Provides HEP and 3.5 billion litres of clean drinking water daily. Bihar (rural periphery regions):
Provides jobs. Farmers can use water to irrigate 1.8million HDI much lower than urban parts of India
hectares of farmland. Migration of young people leaves elderly behind to do
(-) 234 villages flooded and 320,000 displaced. Farmland flooded manual labour
to make way for the dam. Religious and historic sites flooded. Children more likely to have work, reducing literacy rates
Disruption to habitats and ecosystems Cycle of poverty and lack of investment
Bottom-up project – Biogas:
(+) Source of fuel to cook and boil water – reducing risk of
spreading disease. Smoke free kitchens – reducing lung disease.
Less time spent gathering wood so girls and children can go
school. Better fertilisers - improving crop yield.
(-) Methane is a greenhouse gas. Helps only local people so
outreach needs to be bigger.
Development measured using: economic indicators (e.g GDP Malawi, Africa:
per capita), Social indicators (e.g literacy rate), Political Stuck in a cycle of economic poverty
indicators (e.g corruption) Landlocked – has no coastline for trade, nearest port 800km
HDI uses the average four indicators: life expectancy, literacy, away via single track railway in Mozambique
average length of schooling, GDP per capita 1 in 5 people have HIV in Malawi – low life expectancy –
Relationship between economic development and other strain on healthcare
indicators → invested to other things e.g education Highest % of rural isolation – 85% live in rural areas. Poor
Demographic indicators e.g birth rate, gender, equality, fertility infrastructure. Telecomms slow and expensive
rate can measure development Climate change – water shortages as temps rise → increase in
Rostow’s model of development: droughts, can lead to famine, less investment etc. Crop yields
1. Traditional society = most work in primary sector/agriculture affected
2. Pre-conditions for take-off = shift from farming to Trade – Malawi exports is less than its imports as it mainly
manufacturing (primary → secondary sector) more exports primary products (e.g. raw tobacco). US and EU have
investment for infrastructure high tariff for processed goods – prevents Malawi from
3. Take-off = investment creates new industries, growth is rapid exporting such goods.
4. Drive to maturity = industries produce consumer good and Colonisation and cash crops – British colonised Malawi in 19 th
tech used throughout economy century where plantations are owned by them. They hire
5. High mass consumption = wealth spent on service sector e.g local labourers who are underpaid. Farmers rely on cash crops
healthcare. Consumers enjoy wide range of goods but price changes so income is unreliable
Frank’s dependency theory argues that: Global trade and international relations – WTO helps
o development is about core and periphery developing countries trade with wealthy countries but
o core regions are the developed nations doesn’t always work.
o periphery regions are the ‘others’ producing raw materials to India’s development:
sell to the core – depend on the core for their market How has situation allowed it to develop:
o Due to dependency, core becomes richer while periphery Coastal location with deep harbours. Access to Europe via
becomes poorer Suez canal. Diverse culture through Bollywood. Varied
Top-down development = large expensive schemes by landscape – attracts tourists.
governments or TNCs with experts who plan changes. Involve How Globalisation and Gov policies helped India develop:
loans from Gov banks o Containerisation – increased imports and exports
Bottom-up development = small-scale and inexpensive schmes o Improved telecommunications – call centres can be
organised by NGOs where experts work with communities to outsourced to India
identify their needs. Bring social and economic benefits to local o Cheap, large labour force, many outsourced jobs available,
communities. labour force becoming skilled
Social causes of inequality: o Economic liberalisation – gave freedom for businesses to
o Education (education system and its effects e.g. increased choose what to sell
unemployment) o Gov reduced import tariffs – foreign products imported
o Health – limited number of docs, unsubsidised healthcare cheaply
(not paid by gov) - some countries more vulnerable to o Gov encouraged FDI by ‘Special economic zones (SEZs)’
diseases than others where taxes reduced on company profits.
o Historically disadvantaged – economy may be affected by o Large railway/air/road investments projects – faster travel
the coloniser. Social change:
Environmental causes of inequality: o Urban expansion – construction of new apartments
o Climate – can affect whether a country has many resources o For urban women, education and career becomes more
to trade → more resources to trade = stronger economies. important = fewer children birth rate and fertility rate falls
More rain – water can be stored and sold. Warmer climates = → Population structure changes, reduced younger age
successful farming, colder = have to import more (£££). groups
More extreme weather – difficult to develop Economic change:
o Topography and geographical situation → if landlocked, then o TNCs have set up factories taking advantage of low wages –
can affect development compared to coastline e.g. BT centre in Bangalore
Topography – the shape of the land → affects where o By 2015 clothing was India’s biggest manufacturing
communities can build on industry earning $30 billion in GDP.
Political causes of inequality: o Most textile jobs have unequal pay agreement.
o Governance – different aims and styles of leadership. Most o Increased employment
developed countries have capitalist gov but they also have Environmental change:
greatest poor and rich inequality. o Increased energy consumption → increased greenhouse
o International relations – countries with more allies have gas emissions (India is 3rd largest emitter)
more opportunities to trade → economy can grow. Also o Large urban unplanned settlements lack clean water and
provides more support sanitation
o Corruption – high corruption means stats are lied about and Political change:
money is used in the wrong ways. o Member of BRICS
Top down projects: o Powerful player in ASEAN
(+) Large scale → more people benefit. Many job opportunities o Negotiations for free trade agreement with EU
due to large construction o Member of G20 group
(-) Locals have little voice and many evicted against will. Costs £ Costs and benefits of foreign influences on India:
££ and benefits take time before felt by locals. Requires lots of (+) Increased job opportunities. Investment in infrastructure.
concrete → produces CO2 and contributes to global warming. Increased global influence
Bottom-up projects: (-) Greater/more severe env impacts due to increased
(+) Focus on poorest families in a country → aims to reduce industry. Many jobs within TNCs erode local culture. Many
poverty and inequality. Relatively cheap so NGOs can help large develop nations don’t like India’s role in outsourcing – leading
number of families. to deindustrialisation of developed nations
(-) Rely on voluntary donations which limits amount of people Maharashtra (urban core region containing Mumbai):
they can afford to help. Without proper training and planning, HDI much higher in urban regions
they can be unsuccessful. Migration of young people led to large workforce → high
rates of investment → greater job opportunities
Higher literacy rates due to higher incomes
Top down project – Savadar Dam: Better standards of healthcare – more qualified docs
(+) Provides HEP and 3.5 billion litres of clean drinking water daily. Bihar (rural periphery regions):
Provides jobs. Farmers can use water to irrigate 1.8million HDI much lower than urban parts of India
hectares of farmland. Migration of young people leaves elderly behind to do
(-) 234 villages flooded and 320,000 displaced. Farmland flooded manual labour
to make way for the dam. Religious and historic sites flooded. Children more likely to have work, reducing literacy rates
Disruption to habitats and ecosystems Cycle of poverty and lack of investment
Bottom-up project – Biogas:
(+) Source of fuel to cook and boil water – reducing risk of
spreading disease. Smoke free kitchens – reducing lung disease.
Less time spent gathering wood so girls and children can go
school. Better fertilisers - improving crop yield.
(-) Methane is a greenhouse gas. Helps only local people so
outreach needs to be bigger.
