1. In ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome),
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
2. In hyperaldosteronism, what electrolyte imbalance
is expected?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
,Rationale: Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia.
3. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: B
Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
4. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
,Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
5. A myocardial infarction causes myocardial cell
death primarily due to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion
D. Aortic dissection
Answer: C
Rationale: MI is most commonly caused by
atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus
formation, leading to ischemia.
6. What is the most common cause of acute
pancreatitis?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Alcohol abuse and gallstones
C. Viral infection
D. High protein diet
, Answer: B
Rationale: Alcohol and gallstones are the most
frequent causes of acute pancreatitis.
7. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
8. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
what is the main pathophysiologic problem?
A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
B. Loss of alveolar surfactant and inflammation
C. Chronic mucus hypersecretion
D. Viral invasion of bronchial epithelium
Answer: B
Rationale: ARDS involves diffuse alveolar damage,
inflammation, and surfactant dysfunction causing
impaired gas exchange.
2. In hyperaldosteronism, what electrolyte imbalance
is expected?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: C
,Rationale: Aldosterone causes sodium retention and
potassium excretion, leading to hypokalemia.
3. Which condition involves a mutation in the HFE
gene?
A. Wilson’s disease
B. Hemochromatosis
C. Cystic fibrosis
D. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Answer: B
Rationale: Hemochromatosis is caused by HFE gene
mutations, leading to iron overload.
4. Which of the following best describes the
pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Dopamine deficiency
B. Amyloid plaque accumulation and neurofibrillary
tangles
C. Increased GABA activity
D. Reduced serotonin levels
Answer: B
,Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by
abnormal protein aggregates and neuron loss in the
brain.
5. A myocardial infarction causes myocardial cell
death primarily due to:
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Ventricular fibrillation
C. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion
D. Aortic dissection
Answer: C
Rationale: MI is most commonly caused by
atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombus
formation, leading to ischemia.
6. What is the most common cause of acute
pancreatitis?
A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Alcohol abuse and gallstones
C. Viral infection
D. High protein diet
, Answer: B
Rationale: Alcohol and gallstones are the most
frequent causes of acute pancreatitis.
7. What is the primary pathology in achalasia?
A. Hypertrophy of the gastric wall
B. Autoimmune damage to parietal cells
C. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and LES relaxation
D. Overproduction of gastric acid
Answer: C
Rationale: Achalasia involves failure of the lower
esophageal sphincter to relax and loss of motility.
8. What is the primary mechanism in cystic fibrosis?
A. Autoimmune destruction of alveoli
B. Excess mucous production due to CFTR gene
mutation
C. Bacterial colonization of the lungs
D. Inability to produce surfactant
Answer: B
