Immunology Exam 1 With Questions And 100% Correct Answers

Immunology Exam 1 With Questions And 100% Correct Answers What are two examples of phagocytes? Neutrophils (PMN-polymorpho nuclear) and Macrophages (MO) True or false: Monocytes are precursors of macrophages. True. Monocytes are found in blood but when they move into tissues, they are macrophages. What cells are important for parasite control, allergy, and inflammation? 1. mast cell (release histamine when activated) 2. eosinophil (similar function as mast cell but arrive at scene later) 3. basophil (uncommon; function unknown) 4. dendritic cell (internalize pathogens & active T-cells & help initiate adaptive immune response-serving as a bridge) What are two types of lymphocytes? T cells and B cells. T or F: Plasma cells are B-cells that actively secrete antibodies. True. What is the effector function? A job that a cell has once it is activated Some functions of the immune response include: a. recognition of the pathogen or antigen b. develop "effector" function What are the main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity? Innate immunity: quicker response, use less specific mechanisms to recognize pathogens, unable to eradicate the pathogen completely, doesn't provide immunity for reinfection. Define hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is the generation of blood cells. T or F: Blood cells and certain tissue cells derive from a common hematopoietic stem cell. True. It's pluripotent & self-renewing (can make many copies of itself) Immune cells go through which pathways? Lymphoid and myeloid pathways. What are examples of granulocytes? neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils. They are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that reside in the blood. What chemical signals drive the path the cell takes to its final fate? 1. colony stimulating factor (CSF) - GCSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) --> drives the production of neutrophils 2. cytokines 3. growth factors Blood cell development occurs where in the body? fetal liver or spleen, and bone marrow (adults only) What does lymphoid progenitor differentiate into? 1. B cells 2. T cells 3. Natural Killer (NK) cells What does myeloid progenitor differentiate into? 1. basophils 2. eosinophils 3. neutrophils 4. mast cells 5. dendritic cells 6. monocytes What are the primary lymphoid tissues? bone marrow and thymus. Sites where the lymphocytes/leukocytes develop. What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? sites where lymphocytes are activated to respond to pathogens include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsil/adenoids, malt/balt/galt (mucosal/bronchial/gut associated lymphoid tissues); "dynamic" tissues bc lymphocytes are constantly arriving and departing & "sampling" the environment in secondary tissue to see if they need to respond to a pathogen. What's the significance of lymph nodes? it is where lymphocytes are activated by antigens Wha'ts the significance of the spleen? it is where lymphocytes are activated by antigens in blood in the white pulp to cause immune activation (red pulp is the dead/dying RBCs accummulation and removed from circulation) Describe the process of how lymphocytes are activated in the lymph nodes. 1. pathogen invading tissue 2. MO responds by phagogytosing antigen/pathogen -facilitate inflammatory response - DC internalize antigen & move to draining lymph node 3. DC-pathogen, pathogen, pathogen components arrive the lymph node via the afferent lymphatics. 4. T-cells become activated by the DC that are carrying the antigen to the lymph node 5. B-cells become activated by the recognition of the pathogen components or pathogen. What are some strategies to kill pathogens? 1. soluble molecules in extracellular space/fluid (ex. complement system, antibodies, defensins) 2. NK cell & cytotoxic T cell kill infected host cell. 3. macrophages & neutrophils kill pathogen. Where are the complement system proteins made? in the liver (~30 protein types). Are called C1, C2, C3, etc. T or F: Complement proteins circulate around in blood in an active form. False. Complement proteins circulate in blood in inactive form. Where can complement proteins be found? 1. blood 2. lymph 3. interstitial spaces What can activate the complement proteins? presence of pathogen. What are the functions of complement system? 1. poke holes in pathogen (membrane attack complex) 2. opsinizes the pathogen (flag it for recognition by phagocytes) 3. chemoattractions for neutrophils 4. enhance inflammatory response What's the significance of C3 protein? It is cleaved into C3a and C3b. - C3a will recruit phagocytes to the site. - C3b opsonize the pathogen, help with phagocytosis, & activate other proteins to form membrane attack complex (MAC) --> lysis of pathogen What complement protein is responsible for lysis of pathogens? C3b. It activates other proteins to form MAC to poke holes in the pathogen. It's also responsible for opsinizing it. What proteins are known as anaphylatoxins & why? C3a and C5a. They bind to receptors on endothelial cells, phagocytes, and mast cells to cause inflammatory response: - increase blood flow & vascular permeability - activate & attract phagocytes - cause mast cells to degranulate & release histamines What activates the complement system? a. antibodies bind pathogen & stimulate cleavage of C3 b. C-reactive protein made by the liver binds phosphorylcholine on bacteria. c. manose-binding lectin also made by liver.