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Natural Numbers ✔✔N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . }
Whole natural numbers together with zero. ✔✔W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . }
Every whole number has a unique opposite or negative whose sum with it is 0. For example,
✔✔2 + (-2) = 0
The set of integers consists of the whole numbers and their opposites. ✔✔Z = {. . ., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1,2,3,...}
Every nonzero integer has a unique reciprocal whose product with it is one. For example, ✔✔2 × 1/2=1
The ratio or fraction of one integer to a nonzero integer is the product of the first integer with the
reciprocal of the second. For example, the ratio of 2 to 3 is ✔✔2/3 = 2 × 1/3 not every rational number is an integer. For example, 1/2 is a rational number that is not an
integer. ✔✔1/2 = 0.5
There are three basic properties of addition: ✔✔commutativity, associativity and identity.
Commutative property. ✔✔When adding two numbers, the sum is the same regardless of the order in which the numbers are added.
2+3=3+2
Associative property. ✔✔When adding three or more numbers, the sum is the same regardless of the way in which the numbers are grouped.
2+(3+5)=(2+3)+5
Identity property. ✔✔Adding zero to a number does not change it.
2+0=2 There are three basic properties of multiplication: ✔✔commutativity, associativity and identity.
Distributive property. ✔✔The product of a number with a sum equals the sum of the products of the number with each term of the sum.
2×(3+5)=(2×3)+(2×5)
Exponentiation ✔✔Exponentiation is repeated multiplication. An exponent is often called a power. For example, the third power of 2 is
2³=2×2×2=8
We define the zero power of any nonzero number to be 1. For example, ✔✔(-3)0 = 1
A negative exponent indicates a reciprocal. For example, ✔✔2 (-3rd power) = (3rd power) = The first power of any number is itself. For example, ✔✔2 (to the 1st power) = 2