Social psychology
3e bachelor Handelsingenieur (Class of choice)
Exam
Student presentation (30 %)
Final exam (multiple choice) covering reading assignments & lectures (70%)
Course structure:
• Lecture on topic (see syllabus)
• Assigned paper & reading material discussed
• Q & A (come prepared!)
Inhoudsopgave
CHAPTER 1 - DOING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY............................................................................4
, 1. HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY......................................................................................................... 4
2. RESEARCH.......................................................................................................................................... 4
3. A ‘GOOD’ THEORY................................................................................................................................ 5
4. LEARNING ABOUT THE SOCIAL WORLD USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD....................................................6
4.1 Data collection............................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Study by Carroll, Smith, & Bennett (1994) on the relation between socio-economic status and
longevity........................................................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Correlation is not causality......................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2 - THE SELF IN A SOCIAL WORLD.........................................................................9
1. MIRROR NEURONS............................................................................................................................... 9
2. ONE-SELF........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Understanding one-self............................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Individual differences in self-concept.......................................................................................10
2.2.1 Self esteem............................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Self efficacy............................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.3 Perceived control................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Judging one-self and others...................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Contrast effect....................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy........................................................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Fundamental attribution error (FAE; explaining behavior of others)....................................12
2.3.4 Self-serving bias (explaining behavior of self).......................................................................13
3. RESEARCH PAPER – BODY CAMERA FOOTAGE LEADS TO LOWER JUDGMENTS OF INTENT THAN DASH CAMERA
FOOTAGE............................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Situation.................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Research question..................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Experimental approach............................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Underlying mechanism: visual salience vs perspective taking?...............................................14
3.5 Methods.................................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 Results...................................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 - INTUITION AND REASONING...........................................................................16
1. DUAL PROCESSING THEORY, FRAMES, AND BIASES (KAHNEMAN & TVERSKY)..........................................16
2. ERRORS IN REASONING AFFECT BELIEFS..............................................................................................17
3. ECOLOGICAL RATIONALITY AND HEURISTICS......................................................................................... 18
4. ATTITUDES........................................................................................................................................ 18
4.1 When do attitudes predict behavior?........................................................................................ 18
4.2 When does behavior influence attitude?...................................................................................18
4.3 Actions and attitudes feed each other......................................................................................18
4.4 Cognitive dissonance theory..................................................................................................... 19
5. PAPER: OPTIMISM BIAS...................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 The background........................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 The research: operationalizing optimism bias..........................................................................19
5.3 Mechanistic explanation for optimism bias...............................................................................19
5.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 4 - VALUES AND NORMS........................................................................................21
1. VALUES AS AN INTERNAL GUIDING PRINCIPLE FOR BEHAVIOR................................................................21
1.1 Where do values come from?.................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Measurement instruments of personal values..........................................................................22
1.2.1 “Haidt Values” (“Moral foundations; correlations with political ideologies”)........................22
1.2.2 Identity orientations.............................................................................................................. 23
1.2.3 “Schwartz values”.................................................................................................................. 23
2. NORMS AS A GIVEN STANDARD OF BEHAVIOR IN SOCIAL GROUPS............................................................24
3. WEIRD PEOPLE................................................................................................................................ 24
4. PAPER: DISHONESTY IN THE BANKING SECTOR (BY COHN, FEHR, & MARÉCHAL)....................................25
4.1 Background – Why important?.................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Experiment inspired by identity theory....................................................................................25
4.3 Methods.................................................................................................................................... 25
4.4 Results...................................................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 5 - CONFORMING TO NORMS AND GROUP PRESSURE........................................27
1. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL NORMS IN GENERATING COMPLIANCE..............................................................27
2. THREE “CLASSICS:” SHERIF, ASH, & MILGRAM...................................................................................28
2.1 Forming nonsense norms (Muzafer Sherif)..............................................................................28
PAGE 1
, 2.2 Conformity (Solomon Ash)........................................................................................................ 29
2.3 Obedience (Milgram)................................................................................................................ 29
3. SITUATIONAL VERSUS PERSONAL INFLUENCES ON CONFORMITY & OBEDIENCE.......................................30
4. BBC PRISON EXPERIMENT.................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 BBC Prison study...................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1 Research design..................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.2 Early days.............................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.3 Conflict and order.................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.4 Rise and fall of the community............................................................................................... 32
4.1.5 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Social identity........................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Ethics........................................................................................................................................ 34
4.4 Data.......................................................................................................................................... 34
4.5 The BBC and Stanford prison studies.......................................................................................35
CHAPTER 6 – PERSUASION..................................................................................................... 36
1. DUAL PROCESS THEORY...................................................................................................................... 36
2. NUDGE THEORY................................................................................................................................. 37
3. RATIONALITY AS AN ANTIDOTE TO GULLIBILITY....................................................................................39
4. RESEARCH PAPER – ‘SIGNING AT THE BEGINNING MAKES ETHICS SALIENT AND DECREASES DISHONEST SELF-
REPORTS IN COMPARISON TO SINGIN AT THE END’....................................................................................40
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 40
4.2 Experiment 1............................................................................................................................ 40
4.3 Experiment 2............................................................................................................................ 40
4.4 Experiment 3............................................................................................................................ 41
4.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 41
CHAPTER 7 - CATEGORIZATION, IN-GROUP BIAS, AND PREJUDICE...................................42
1. DEFINITIONS..................................................................................................................................... 42
1.1 Stereotypes............................................................................................................................... 42
1.2 Stereotypes breed prejudice..................................................................................................... 42
1.3 Prejudice vs discrimination....................................................................................................... 42
2. COMMON FORMS OF PREJUDICE.......................................................................................................... 42
2.1 Radical prejudice...................................................................................................................... 43
2.2 Gender prejudice...................................................................................................................... 43
2.3 LGBTQIA2S+ prejudice............................................................................................................ 43
3. ROOTS OF PREJUDICE......................................................................................................................... 43
3.1 Social sources........................................................................................................................... 43
3.2 Motivational sources................................................................................................................. 44
3.3 Cognitive sources...................................................................................................................... 44
4. CONSEQUENCES OF PREJUDICE........................................................................................................... 45
5. RESEARCH PAPER: DISTANCE MATTERS! THE ROLE OF EMPLOYEES’ AGE DISTANCE ON THE EFFECTS OF
WORKFORCE AGE HETEROGENEITY ON FIRM PERFORMANCE.......................................................................45
CHAPTER 8 - SOCIAL DILEMMAS AND COSTLY COOPERATION...........................................47
1.INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 47
2.THE SOCIAL DILEMMAS...................................................................................................................... 48
3.THE PUBLIC GOOD GAMES.................................................................................................................. 49
4.RESEARCH PAPER – CONDITIONAL COOPERATION AND COSTLY MONITORING EXPLAIN SUCCESS IN FOREST
COMMONS MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................... 50
4.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 50
4.2 Method...................................................................................................................................... 51
4.3 Results public goods games...................................................................................................... 52
4.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 52
CHAPTER 9 - RECIPROCITY, GENEROSITY & SUSTAINABILITY...........................................54
1. RESEARCH PAPER - INDUCING COOPERATION IN SOCIAL DILEMMAS / INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES...................................................................................................................... 54
1.1 Theoretical model..................................................................................................................... 54
1.2 Testing the model empirically................................................................................................... 54
1.3 Follow up study: the neuro imaging study................................................................................56
2. STRONG RECIPROCITY & ALTRUISM..................................................................................................... 56
2.1 Strong reciprocity..................................................................................................................... 56
2.2 Altruism.................................................................................................................................... 57
3. GENEROSITY, SUSTAINABILITY, HAPPINESS...........................................................................................57
PAGE 2
, PAGE 3
3e bachelor Handelsingenieur (Class of choice)
Exam
Student presentation (30 %)
Final exam (multiple choice) covering reading assignments & lectures (70%)
Course structure:
• Lecture on topic (see syllabus)
• Assigned paper & reading material discussed
• Q & A (come prepared!)
Inhoudsopgave
CHAPTER 1 - DOING SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY............................................................................4
, 1. HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY......................................................................................................... 4
2. RESEARCH.......................................................................................................................................... 4
3. A ‘GOOD’ THEORY................................................................................................................................ 5
4. LEARNING ABOUT THE SOCIAL WORLD USING THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD....................................................6
4.1 Data collection............................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Study by Carroll, Smith, & Bennett (1994) on the relation between socio-economic status and
longevity........................................................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Correlation is not causality......................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2 - THE SELF IN A SOCIAL WORLD.........................................................................9
1. MIRROR NEURONS............................................................................................................................... 9
2. ONE-SELF........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Understanding one-self............................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Individual differences in self-concept.......................................................................................10
2.2.1 Self esteem............................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Self efficacy............................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.3 Perceived control................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Judging one-self and others...................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Contrast effect....................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy........................................................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Fundamental attribution error (FAE; explaining behavior of others)....................................12
2.3.4 Self-serving bias (explaining behavior of self).......................................................................13
3. RESEARCH PAPER – BODY CAMERA FOOTAGE LEADS TO LOWER JUDGMENTS OF INTENT THAN DASH CAMERA
FOOTAGE............................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Situation.................................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Research question..................................................................................................................... 13
3.3 Experimental approach............................................................................................................. 13
3.4 Underlying mechanism: visual salience vs perspective taking?...............................................14
3.5 Methods.................................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 Results...................................................................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER 3 - INTUITION AND REASONING...........................................................................16
1. DUAL PROCESSING THEORY, FRAMES, AND BIASES (KAHNEMAN & TVERSKY)..........................................16
2. ERRORS IN REASONING AFFECT BELIEFS..............................................................................................17
3. ECOLOGICAL RATIONALITY AND HEURISTICS......................................................................................... 18
4. ATTITUDES........................................................................................................................................ 18
4.1 When do attitudes predict behavior?........................................................................................ 18
4.2 When does behavior influence attitude?...................................................................................18
4.3 Actions and attitudes feed each other......................................................................................18
4.4 Cognitive dissonance theory..................................................................................................... 19
5. PAPER: OPTIMISM BIAS...................................................................................................................... 19
5.1 The background........................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 The research: operationalizing optimism bias..........................................................................19
5.3 Mechanistic explanation for optimism bias...............................................................................19
5.4 Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER 4 - VALUES AND NORMS........................................................................................21
1. VALUES AS AN INTERNAL GUIDING PRINCIPLE FOR BEHAVIOR................................................................21
1.1 Where do values come from?.................................................................................................... 21
1.2 Measurement instruments of personal values..........................................................................22
1.2.1 “Haidt Values” (“Moral foundations; correlations with political ideologies”)........................22
1.2.2 Identity orientations.............................................................................................................. 23
1.2.3 “Schwartz values”.................................................................................................................. 23
2. NORMS AS A GIVEN STANDARD OF BEHAVIOR IN SOCIAL GROUPS............................................................24
3. WEIRD PEOPLE................................................................................................................................ 24
4. PAPER: DISHONESTY IN THE BANKING SECTOR (BY COHN, FEHR, & MARÉCHAL)....................................25
4.1 Background – Why important?.................................................................................................. 25
4.2 Experiment inspired by identity theory....................................................................................25
4.3 Methods.................................................................................................................................... 25
4.4 Results...................................................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 5 - CONFORMING TO NORMS AND GROUP PRESSURE........................................27
1. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL NORMS IN GENERATING COMPLIANCE..............................................................27
2. THREE “CLASSICS:” SHERIF, ASH, & MILGRAM...................................................................................28
2.1 Forming nonsense norms (Muzafer Sherif)..............................................................................28
PAGE 1
, 2.2 Conformity (Solomon Ash)........................................................................................................ 29
2.3 Obedience (Milgram)................................................................................................................ 29
3. SITUATIONAL VERSUS PERSONAL INFLUENCES ON CONFORMITY & OBEDIENCE.......................................30
4. BBC PRISON EXPERIMENT.................................................................................................................. 31
4.1 BBC Prison study...................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1 Research design..................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.2 Early days.............................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.3 Conflict and order.................................................................................................................. 31
4.1.4 Rise and fall of the community............................................................................................... 32
4.1.5 Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 32
4.2 Social identity........................................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Ethics........................................................................................................................................ 34
4.4 Data.......................................................................................................................................... 34
4.5 The BBC and Stanford prison studies.......................................................................................35
CHAPTER 6 – PERSUASION..................................................................................................... 36
1. DUAL PROCESS THEORY...................................................................................................................... 36
2. NUDGE THEORY................................................................................................................................. 37
3. RATIONALITY AS AN ANTIDOTE TO GULLIBILITY....................................................................................39
4. RESEARCH PAPER – ‘SIGNING AT THE BEGINNING MAKES ETHICS SALIENT AND DECREASES DISHONEST SELF-
REPORTS IN COMPARISON TO SINGIN AT THE END’....................................................................................40
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 40
4.2 Experiment 1............................................................................................................................ 40
4.3 Experiment 2............................................................................................................................ 40
4.4 Experiment 3............................................................................................................................ 41
4.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 41
CHAPTER 7 - CATEGORIZATION, IN-GROUP BIAS, AND PREJUDICE...................................42
1. DEFINITIONS..................................................................................................................................... 42
1.1 Stereotypes............................................................................................................................... 42
1.2 Stereotypes breed prejudice..................................................................................................... 42
1.3 Prejudice vs discrimination....................................................................................................... 42
2. COMMON FORMS OF PREJUDICE.......................................................................................................... 42
2.1 Radical prejudice...................................................................................................................... 43
2.2 Gender prejudice...................................................................................................................... 43
2.3 LGBTQIA2S+ prejudice............................................................................................................ 43
3. ROOTS OF PREJUDICE......................................................................................................................... 43
3.1 Social sources........................................................................................................................... 43
3.2 Motivational sources................................................................................................................. 44
3.3 Cognitive sources...................................................................................................................... 44
4. CONSEQUENCES OF PREJUDICE........................................................................................................... 45
5. RESEARCH PAPER: DISTANCE MATTERS! THE ROLE OF EMPLOYEES’ AGE DISTANCE ON THE EFFECTS OF
WORKFORCE AGE HETEROGENEITY ON FIRM PERFORMANCE.......................................................................45
CHAPTER 8 - SOCIAL DILEMMAS AND COSTLY COOPERATION...........................................47
1.INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 47
2.THE SOCIAL DILEMMAS...................................................................................................................... 48
3.THE PUBLIC GOOD GAMES.................................................................................................................. 49
4.RESEARCH PAPER – CONDITIONAL COOPERATION AND COSTLY MONITORING EXPLAIN SUCCESS IN FOREST
COMMONS MANAGEMENT....................................................................................................................... 50
4.1 Background............................................................................................................................... 50
4.2 Method...................................................................................................................................... 51
4.3 Results public goods games...................................................................................................... 52
4.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 52
CHAPTER 9 - RECIPROCITY, GENEROSITY & SUSTAINABILITY...........................................54
1. RESEARCH PAPER - INDUCING COOPERATION IN SOCIAL DILEMMAS / INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN
COOPERATIVE STRATEGIES...................................................................................................................... 54
1.1 Theoretical model..................................................................................................................... 54
1.2 Testing the model empirically................................................................................................... 54
1.3 Follow up study: the neuro imaging study................................................................................56
2. STRONG RECIPROCITY & ALTRUISM..................................................................................................... 56
2.1 Strong reciprocity..................................................................................................................... 56
2.2 Altruism.................................................................................................................................... 57
3. GENEROSITY, SUSTAINABILITY, HAPPINESS...........................................................................................57
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