AP Biology Unit 2 Cell Structure Exam Review Questions and Answers

AP Biology Unit 2 Cell Structure Exam Review Questions and Answers What is the structure and function of the ribosome? Ribosomes consist of RNA and proteins and they help with synthesizing proteins. There is a large and small subunit. How does the structure of the ribosome aid in the function? The structure of the ribosome allows proteins to be made inside or outside the cell. What are the three types of RNA involved in the structure or function of the ribosome? messenger (mRNA) is transcribed from DNA and carries the message to cytoplasm where ribosomes translate it into a polypeptide transfer (tRNA): carries a specific amino acid to the correct position on the ribosome using its anticodon to match to the codon on the mRNA. ribosomal (rRNA): joins with proteins to make ribosomes where translation occurs to form a protein. How does the ribosome demonstrate a common ancestry of all known life? All life forms have ribosomes. What is the structure and function of the rough ER? The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the transport of proteins made on its attached ribosomes. How does the structure of the rough ER aid in the function? It allows for the production, folding, quality control and dispatch of some proteins. What is the structure and function of the smooth ER? It is a network of membranes called cisternae. They are held together by the cytoskeleton. The function of the smooth ER is to help with synthesizing lipids, phospholipids as in the plasma membrane and steroids. How does the structure of the smooth ER aid in the function? Smooth ER is a network of membranes that separate the cell into compartments for metabolic processes. Smooth ER functions in the synthesis of lipids in most cells, the breakdown of toxins in liver cells, and storage and release of Ca++ in muscle cells. Keeping the enzymes or molecules needed for a specific chemical pathway together in a specific area is more efficient. What is the relationship between the ribosome and the rough ER? Ribosomes attach to the rough ER and insert the proteins being made into the rough ER for intracellular transport to Golgi for modification and export What is the structure and function of the Golgi? The Golgi apparatus is a central intracellular membrane-bound organelle. Its key function is to traffic, process, and sort newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids