SUBSCRIBE NR 507 FINAL Exam 1. body's process for adapting to high hormone level Answer To adapt to high levels of hormones, some cells have the capacity to decrease the number of receptors for that hormone through the process of down -regulation. 2. Cushing's Syndrome Answer excessive ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) produc - tion most commonly caused by an adrenal adenoma or a non -pituitary adenoma as is often seen with lung cancer. Clinical signs and symptoms Answer weight gain and hyperpigmentation of skin. 3. Lab results that point to PRIMARY hypothyroidism Answer Low levels of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) and high levels of thyroid -stimulating hormone (TSH), most commonly caused by autoimmune thyroiditis. 4. Common causes of hypoparathyroidism Answer parathyroid gland injury or removal 5. pathophysiology of thyroid storm Answer High levels of thyroid hormone in conjunc - tion with high levels of stress hormones lead to fever, tachycardia, and eventually high -output heart failure if the condition is not treated. 6. signs of thyrotoxicosis Answer Weight loss and enlarged thyroid gland are common signs of hyperthyroidism in thyrotoxicosis. 7. diet and the prevention of prostate cancer Answer some evidence suggests a low fat diet, low dairy intake and increased fruit and veggie intake prevents prostate cancer 8. Impact of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) on the urinary system Answer - enlarged prostate can block urine flow through the urethra. Can cause urinary retention, which can lead to UTI, kidney infections. SUBSCRIBE 9. Dermatomes Answer an area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single spinal nerve root. Each spinal nerve and their many processes are distributed to a specific area of the body. Specific areas of cutaneous (skin) innervation at these spinal cord segments are called dermatomes. The dermatomes of various spinal nerves are distributed in a fairly regular pattern, although adjacent regions between dermatomes can be innervated by more than one spinal nerve. 10. substance release at the synapse Answer neurons form points of contact with oth- er neurons through synapse. Impulses transmitted through electric and chemical conduction. Vesicles containing neurotransmitters release their contents into the synaptic cleft and neurotransmitters diffuse across the cleft and bind to specific receptors on postsynaptic neuron and trigger an action potential. Common neurotransmitters include norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, hist- amine, serotonin, glycine, endorphins. 11. Spondylolysis Answer Structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental de- fect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the posterior structures). Most affected at L5 of lumbar spine. Mechanical pressure often causes anterior displacement of the deficient vertebra (spondylolisthesis). Often hereditary; associated with increased incidence of other congenital spine defects. Microfractures occur at site, symptoms include lower back pain and lower limb pain. Cervical spondylolysis is hypertrophy and disc degeneration with narrowing of cervical spine at c5-c6 and c6 -c7. Signs/symptoms include neck or occipital pain, pain in shoulder, scapula, or arms. Sensory symptoms of numbness or tingling follow a dermatomal pattern; weakness follows the pattern of innervation of the affected nerve root. Occipital or suboccipital headache is another symptom. Can also cause difficulty walking, altered sensation in feet, and sphincter disturbances (late sign). 12. location of the motor and sensory areas of the brain Answer frontal lobe -goal oriented behavior, short term memory, elaboration of thought, and inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of CNS premotor area-programming motor movements primary motor area in frontal lobe - forms primary voluntary motor area - electrical stimulation of specific areas of this cortex causes specific muscles to move. Contains corticobulbar tract that synapses in brainstems and provides voluntary control of neck and head muscles. Corticospinal tracts descend into spinal cord and con - trol muscles in the body. Cerebral impulses control function on opposite sides of body -
contralateral control. SUBSCRIBE Broca area- inferior frontal lobe; is for speech and language processing. Expressive aphasia or dysphasia occurs when area is damaged. Parietal lobe - major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus, which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus. Commu - nication between the two areas is through association fibers. Involved in sensory association. Occipital lobe- behind parietal lobe and above cerebellum. Primary visual cortex, receives input from retinas Temporal lobe - primary auditory cortex, also in memory consolidation and smell. Wenicke area-sensory speech area; responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, can result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia when damaged. 13. pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and excitotoxins Answer occurs when area of brain loses blood flow due to vascular occlusion. Ex-emboli or thrombi, gradual vessel occlusion (atheroma), and stenosed vessels. Strokes are often cause of infarction related to occlusions or hemorrhages, disrupting blood flow to parts of the brain. Cerebral thrombi and cerebral emboli most often produce occlusions, but atherosclerosis and hypotension are underlying process. Can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic in nature. Ischemic causes affected area to become pale and soft within 6-12 hours after occlusion. Necrosis, swelling and mushy degeneration after 48 to 72 hours. Then area is infiltrated with macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, leaving a cavity behind. If occlusion of cerebral artery occurs, there is some vascular remodeling to maintain some blood flow. Hemorrhagic infarcts are bleeding into infarcted area through leaking vessels when embolic fragments resolve, and reperfusion begins to occur. Can be exacerbated by thrombotic therapy. Excitotoxins - Ischemia damages the brain by triggering a cascade of biochemical events that lead to neuronal and glial dysfunction and cell death. One major seg - ment of this cascade involves release of excitatory neurotransmitter amino acid, glutamate, which can over excite and kill neurons in the vicinity. 14. agnosia Answer failure to recognize form and nature of objects. Can be visual, tactile, or auditory. Example -person may not be able to identify a safety pin by touching it with a hand but can name it when looking at it. Produced by dysfunction in the primary sensory area or interpretive areas of cerebral cortex (temporo -occipital area). Most often occurs with Cerebrovascular accidents but can occur with pathologic process - es that injures specific areas Answer parietal lobe, temporo -occipital area, inferior occipital cortex in left hemisphere, right parietal lobe, left parietotemporal region, superior temporal area, right superior temporal area. 15. accumulation of blood in a subarachnoid hemorrhage
contralateral control. SUBSCRIBE Broca area- inferior frontal lobe; is for speech and language processing. Expressive aphasia or dysphasia occurs when area is damaged. Parietal lobe - major area for somatic sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus, which is adjacent to the primary motor area in the precentral gyrus. Commu - nication between the two areas is through association fibers. Involved in sensory association. Occipital lobe- behind parietal lobe and above cerebellum. Primary visual cortex, receives input from retinas Temporal lobe - primary auditory cortex, also in memory consolidation and smell. Wenicke area-sensory speech area; responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, can result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia when damaged. 13. pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and excitotoxins Answer occurs when area of brain loses blood flow due to vascular occlusion. Ex-emboli or thrombi, gradual vessel occlusion (atheroma), and stenosed vessels. Strokes are often cause of infarction related to occlusions or hemorrhages, disrupting blood flow to parts of the brain. Cerebral thrombi and cerebral emboli most often produce occlusions, but atherosclerosis and hypotension are underlying process. Can be either ischemic or hemorrhagic in nature. Ischemic causes affected area to become pale and soft within 6-12 hours after occlusion. Necrosis, swelling and mushy degeneration after 48 to 72 hours. Then area is infiltrated with macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue, leaving a cavity behind. If occlusion of cerebral artery occurs, there is some vascular remodeling to maintain some blood flow. Hemorrhagic infarcts are bleeding into infarcted area through leaking vessels when embolic fragments resolve, and reperfusion begins to occur. Can be exacerbated by thrombotic therapy. Excitotoxins - Ischemia damages the brain by triggering a cascade of biochemical events that lead to neuronal and glial dysfunction and cell death. One major seg - ment of this cascade involves release of excitatory neurotransmitter amino acid, glutamate, which can over excite and kill neurons in the vicinity. 14. agnosia Answer failure to recognize form and nature of objects. Can be visual, tactile, or auditory. Example -person may not be able to identify a safety pin by touching it with a hand but can name it when looking at it. Produced by dysfunction in the primary sensory area or interpretive areas of cerebral cortex (temporo -occipital area). Most often occurs with Cerebrovascular accidents but can occur with pathologic process - es that injures specific areas Answer parietal lobe, temporo -occipital area, inferior occipital cortex in left hemisphere, right parietal lobe, left parietotemporal region, superior temporal area, right superior temporal area. 15. accumulation of blood in a subarachnoid hemorrhage
