COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: bouwstenen.............................................................................................................................. 5
teken en betekenissen...........................................................................................................................................5
Tekenindeling: classificatie van verschillende tekens...........................................................................................7
Tekenindeling van Peirce: relatie tussen teken en object................................................................................7
Tekenindeling van Peters..................................................................................................................................7
elementen van het communicatieproces..............................................................................................................7
Communicator...................................................................................................................................................7
Boodschap.........................................................................................................................................................7
Encoderen/decoderen......................................................................................................................................8
Transmissie, kanaal en medium........................................................................................................................8
Ontvanger..........................................................................................................................................................9
communicatiemodellen.........................................................................................................................................9
Model van Lasswell...........................................................................................................................................9
Model van Shannon & Weaver.......................................................................................................................10
Balansmodel van Newcomb............................................................................................................................10
Model van Schramm.......................................................................................................................................11
Model va Gerbner...........................................................................................................................................11
Model van Jakobson........................................................................................................................................12
Procesmodel van Oomkes...............................................................................................................................13
Vier visies van McQuail.......................................................................................................................................14
Transmissievisie...............................................................................................................................................14
Rituele visie of expressiemodel.......................................................................................................................14
Attentievisie of publiciteitsmodel...................................................................................................................14
Receptievisie (Enc-Dec-model)........................................................................................................................14
Twee theoretische scholen van Fiske..................................................................................................................15
Processchool....................................................................................................................................................15
Semiotische school..........................................................................................................................................15
Vier vormen van communicatie..........................................................................................................................15
hoofdstuk 2: The Young and the restless...................................................................................................... 17
status...................................................................................................................................................................17
ontstaan en ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................17
theorie en paradigma’s.......................................................................................................................................18
Dominante mainstreamparadigma.................................................................................................................18
Alternatieve kritische paradigma....................................................................................................................19
1
,hoofdstuk 3: coming of age.......................................................................................................................... 20
Overzicht mediatheorieën...................................................................................................................................20
massamaatschappij............................................................................................................................................20
1. Algemene visies...........................................................................................................................................21
2. Sociologische benaderingen........................................................................................................................21
3. Psychologische benaderingen.....................................................................................................................21
massamaatschappijtheorie.................................................................................................................................21
propaganda.........................................................................................................................................................22
1. Propagandatheorie van Lasswell.................................................................................................................22
2. Kritische propagandastudies.......................................................................................................................23
3. Paradigmatische strijd.................................................................................................................................23
hoofdstuk 4: mainstreamparadigma............................................................................................................. 24
Mosterd van CW.................................................................................................................................................24
Functionalisme................................................................................................................................................24
Functionalistische mediatheorie.....................................................................................................................25
Actiegerichte benadering................................................................................................................................25
Psychologie......................................................................................................................................................26
Socioloinguïstiek..............................................................................................................................................27
relatie media en publiek......................................................................................................................................28
Two- & multi-step flow....................................................................................................................................29
Mediating factors (Klapper)............................................................................................................................29
Uses- and Gratifications..................................................................................................................................29
1. Agenda-setting (McCombs & Shaw)............................................................................................................30
2. Cultivatie-onderzoek (Gerbner)..................................................................................................................30
3. Zwijgspiraal (Noelle-Neumann)...................................................................................................................31
hoofdstuk 5: alternatieve paradigma............................................................................................................ 31
marxistische benadering.....................................................................................................................................31
Structurele benaderingen...............................................................................................................................31
kritische theorie en Frankfurter Schule...............................................................................................................32
1. Culturele dimensie......................................................................................................................................33
2. Politieke dimensie.......................................................................................................................................33
politieke economie..............................................................................................................................................34
cultural studies....................................................................................................................................................35
1. Structuralisme.............................................................................................................................................35
2. Culturalisme................................................................................................................................................36
post-benaderingen..............................................................................................................................................36
1. Poststructuralisme......................................................................................................................................36
2. Creatieve consumptie..................................................................................................................................37
3. Postmodernisme.........................................................................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 6: Nieuwe tijden, nieuwe theorieën............................................................................................38
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................38
media en ict.........................................................................................................................................................38
2
, Onderzoeksmatig niemandsland (Burgelman)................................................................................................38
diffusietheorie – Everett Rogers......................................................................................................................38
mediumtechnologische benaderingen................................................................................................................40
Marshall mcluhan............................................................................................................................................40
informatiemaatschappijtheorie..........................................................................................................................40
nieuwe mediatheorieën......................................................................................................................................41
new media theory...........................................................................................................................................42
practice theory................................................................................................................................................42
mediatization...................................................................................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 7: sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheoriEën: de krachtlijnen.....................................................43
four things you didnt know about media theory................................................................................................43
sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheorieën: een beknopt overzicht...................................................................43
massamaatschappijtheorie.............................................................................................................................43
functionalistische mediatheorie......................................................................................................................43
Frankfurte Schule............................................................................................................................................43
politieke economie van communicatie...........................................................................................................44
Cultural studies................................................................................................................................................44
postmodernisme.............................................................................................................................................44
mediumtechnologische theorieën..................................................................................................................44
informatiemaatschappijtheorie......................................................................................................................44
new media theory...........................................................................................................................................44
practice theory................................................................................................................................................44
mediatization...................................................................................................................................................45
4 golven in het denken over media en ontvanger..........................................................................................45
3 assen van mediatheorieën...............................................................................................................................45
hoofdstuk 8: mediageschiedenis.................................................................................................................. 45
gesproken taal....................................................................................................................................................46
geschreven taal...................................................................................................................................................46
drukkunst............................................................................................................................................................47
dagbladpers........................................................................................................................................................47
registratie van beeld en geluid............................................................................................................................48
fotografie.........................................................................................................................................................48
Film..................................................................................................................................................................49
Geluidsregistratie............................................................................................................................................49
Elektronische telecommunicatie.........................................................................................................................49
telegraaf..........................................................................................................................................................50
Radio................................................................................................................................................................50
televisie...........................................................................................................................................................50
digitale communicatie........................................................................................................................................51
Besluit..................................................................................................................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 9: een sociologisch perspectief.................................................................................................... 52
3
, Centrale thema’s.................................................................................................................................................52
macht...............................................................................................................................................................52
Media en sociale integratie.............................................................................................................................53
sociale verandering.........................................................................................................................................53
Cultuur en identiteit............................................................................................................................................54
communicatorstudies..........................................................................................................................................55
gebeurtenisgericht..........................................................................................................................................56
journalist-gericht.............................................................................................................................................56
mediaorganisatie-gericht................................................................................................................................56
mediapraktijk-gericht......................................................................................................................................56
maatschappij-gericht.......................................................................................................................................56
gatekeeping........................................................................................................................................................57
beroeprsrol..........................................................................................................................................................57
hoofdstuk 10: media-economie.................................................................................................................... 58
economische basisprincipes................................................................................................................................58
bijzondere kenmerken van mediaproducten......................................................................................................59
risky media business...........................................................................................................................................60
nieuwe media-economie.....................................................................................................................................61
wetten van Moore en metcalfe.......................................................................................................................61
mogelijkheden van de ‘long tail’.....................................................................................................................61
krachtlijnen.........................................................................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 11: normatieve perspectieven en beleid......................................................................................61
normatieve modellen..........................................................................................................................................61
autoritaire model............................................................................................................................................62
sovjetcommmunistische model......................................................................................................................62
vrije persmodel................................................................................................................................................62
sociale verantwoordelijkheidsmodel..............................................................................................................62
aanvullende concepten.......................................................................................................................................63
revolutionaire concept....................................................................................................................................63
ontwikkelingsconcept......................................................................................................................................63
democratisch-participatorisch concept..........................................................................................................63
mediabeleid.........................................................................................................................................................63
normatieve aspecten van media.........................................................................................................................64
hoofdstuk 12: mediaboodschap en representatie.........................................................................................64
representatie en beeldvorming...........................................................................................................................64
representaite: weerspiegeling of vertekening....................................................................................................65
hoofdstuk 13: een publieksperspectief......................................................................................................... 68
ontvanger............................................................................................................................................................68
publieksonderzoek..............................................................................................................................................69
4
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: bouwstenen.............................................................................................................................. 5
teken en betekenissen...........................................................................................................................................5
Tekenindeling: classificatie van verschillende tekens...........................................................................................7
Tekenindeling van Peirce: relatie tussen teken en object................................................................................7
Tekenindeling van Peters..................................................................................................................................7
elementen van het communicatieproces..............................................................................................................7
Communicator...................................................................................................................................................7
Boodschap.........................................................................................................................................................7
Encoderen/decoderen......................................................................................................................................8
Transmissie, kanaal en medium........................................................................................................................8
Ontvanger..........................................................................................................................................................9
communicatiemodellen.........................................................................................................................................9
Model van Lasswell...........................................................................................................................................9
Model van Shannon & Weaver.......................................................................................................................10
Balansmodel van Newcomb............................................................................................................................10
Model van Schramm.......................................................................................................................................11
Model va Gerbner...........................................................................................................................................11
Model van Jakobson........................................................................................................................................12
Procesmodel van Oomkes...............................................................................................................................13
Vier visies van McQuail.......................................................................................................................................14
Transmissievisie...............................................................................................................................................14
Rituele visie of expressiemodel.......................................................................................................................14
Attentievisie of publiciteitsmodel...................................................................................................................14
Receptievisie (Enc-Dec-model)........................................................................................................................14
Twee theoretische scholen van Fiske..................................................................................................................15
Processchool....................................................................................................................................................15
Semiotische school..........................................................................................................................................15
Vier vormen van communicatie..........................................................................................................................15
hoofdstuk 2: The Young and the restless...................................................................................................... 17
status...................................................................................................................................................................17
ontstaan en ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................................17
theorie en paradigma’s.......................................................................................................................................18
Dominante mainstreamparadigma.................................................................................................................18
Alternatieve kritische paradigma....................................................................................................................19
1
,hoofdstuk 3: coming of age.......................................................................................................................... 20
Overzicht mediatheorieën...................................................................................................................................20
massamaatschappij............................................................................................................................................20
1. Algemene visies...........................................................................................................................................21
2. Sociologische benaderingen........................................................................................................................21
3. Psychologische benaderingen.....................................................................................................................21
massamaatschappijtheorie.................................................................................................................................21
propaganda.........................................................................................................................................................22
1. Propagandatheorie van Lasswell.................................................................................................................22
2. Kritische propagandastudies.......................................................................................................................23
3. Paradigmatische strijd.................................................................................................................................23
hoofdstuk 4: mainstreamparadigma............................................................................................................. 24
Mosterd van CW.................................................................................................................................................24
Functionalisme................................................................................................................................................24
Functionalistische mediatheorie.....................................................................................................................25
Actiegerichte benadering................................................................................................................................25
Psychologie......................................................................................................................................................26
Socioloinguïstiek..............................................................................................................................................27
relatie media en publiek......................................................................................................................................28
Two- & multi-step flow....................................................................................................................................29
Mediating factors (Klapper)............................................................................................................................29
Uses- and Gratifications..................................................................................................................................29
1. Agenda-setting (McCombs & Shaw)............................................................................................................30
2. Cultivatie-onderzoek (Gerbner)..................................................................................................................30
3. Zwijgspiraal (Noelle-Neumann)...................................................................................................................31
hoofdstuk 5: alternatieve paradigma............................................................................................................ 31
marxistische benadering.....................................................................................................................................31
Structurele benaderingen...............................................................................................................................31
kritische theorie en Frankfurter Schule...............................................................................................................32
1. Culturele dimensie......................................................................................................................................33
2. Politieke dimensie.......................................................................................................................................33
politieke economie..............................................................................................................................................34
cultural studies....................................................................................................................................................35
1. Structuralisme.............................................................................................................................................35
2. Culturalisme................................................................................................................................................36
post-benaderingen..............................................................................................................................................36
1. Poststructuralisme......................................................................................................................................36
2. Creatieve consumptie..................................................................................................................................37
3. Postmodernisme.........................................................................................................................................37
Hoofdstuk 6: Nieuwe tijden, nieuwe theorieën............................................................................................38
inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................38
media en ict.........................................................................................................................................................38
2
, Onderzoeksmatig niemandsland (Burgelman)................................................................................................38
diffusietheorie – Everett Rogers......................................................................................................................38
mediumtechnologische benaderingen................................................................................................................40
Marshall mcluhan............................................................................................................................................40
informatiemaatschappijtheorie..........................................................................................................................40
nieuwe mediatheorieën......................................................................................................................................41
new media theory...........................................................................................................................................42
practice theory................................................................................................................................................42
mediatization...................................................................................................................................................42
Hoofdstuk 7: sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheoriEën: de krachtlijnen.....................................................43
four things you didnt know about media theory................................................................................................43
sociaalwetenschappelijke mediatheorieën: een beknopt overzicht...................................................................43
massamaatschappijtheorie.............................................................................................................................43
functionalistische mediatheorie......................................................................................................................43
Frankfurte Schule............................................................................................................................................43
politieke economie van communicatie...........................................................................................................44
Cultural studies................................................................................................................................................44
postmodernisme.............................................................................................................................................44
mediumtechnologische theorieën..................................................................................................................44
informatiemaatschappijtheorie......................................................................................................................44
new media theory...........................................................................................................................................44
practice theory................................................................................................................................................44
mediatization...................................................................................................................................................45
4 golven in het denken over media en ontvanger..........................................................................................45
3 assen van mediatheorieën...............................................................................................................................45
hoofdstuk 8: mediageschiedenis.................................................................................................................. 45
gesproken taal....................................................................................................................................................46
geschreven taal...................................................................................................................................................46
drukkunst............................................................................................................................................................47
dagbladpers........................................................................................................................................................47
registratie van beeld en geluid............................................................................................................................48
fotografie.........................................................................................................................................................48
Film..................................................................................................................................................................49
Geluidsregistratie............................................................................................................................................49
Elektronische telecommunicatie.........................................................................................................................49
telegraaf..........................................................................................................................................................50
Radio................................................................................................................................................................50
televisie...........................................................................................................................................................50
digitale communicatie........................................................................................................................................51
Besluit..................................................................................................................................................................51
Hoofdstuk 9: een sociologisch perspectief.................................................................................................... 52
3
, Centrale thema’s.................................................................................................................................................52
macht...............................................................................................................................................................52
Media en sociale integratie.............................................................................................................................53
sociale verandering.........................................................................................................................................53
Cultuur en identiteit............................................................................................................................................54
communicatorstudies..........................................................................................................................................55
gebeurtenisgericht..........................................................................................................................................56
journalist-gericht.............................................................................................................................................56
mediaorganisatie-gericht................................................................................................................................56
mediapraktijk-gericht......................................................................................................................................56
maatschappij-gericht.......................................................................................................................................56
gatekeeping........................................................................................................................................................57
beroeprsrol..........................................................................................................................................................57
hoofdstuk 10: media-economie.................................................................................................................... 58
economische basisprincipes................................................................................................................................58
bijzondere kenmerken van mediaproducten......................................................................................................59
risky media business...........................................................................................................................................60
nieuwe media-economie.....................................................................................................................................61
wetten van Moore en metcalfe.......................................................................................................................61
mogelijkheden van de ‘long tail’.....................................................................................................................61
krachtlijnen.........................................................................................................................................................61
Hoofdstuk 11: normatieve perspectieven en beleid......................................................................................61
normatieve modellen..........................................................................................................................................61
autoritaire model............................................................................................................................................62
sovjetcommmunistische model......................................................................................................................62
vrije persmodel................................................................................................................................................62
sociale verantwoordelijkheidsmodel..............................................................................................................62
aanvullende concepten.......................................................................................................................................63
revolutionaire concept....................................................................................................................................63
ontwikkelingsconcept......................................................................................................................................63
democratisch-participatorisch concept..........................................................................................................63
mediabeleid.........................................................................................................................................................63
normatieve aspecten van media.........................................................................................................................64
hoofdstuk 12: mediaboodschap en representatie.........................................................................................64
representatie en beeldvorming...........................................................................................................................64
representaite: weerspiegeling of vertekening....................................................................................................65
hoofdstuk 13: een publieksperspectief......................................................................................................... 68
ontvanger............................................................................................................................................................68
publieksonderzoek..............................................................................................................................................69
4
