Biology 1010 Final Exam BGSU 2024 study guide fully solved & verified for accuracy.

Deforestation Endangered Species Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:02 / 0:15 Full screen Forest Fires Garbage Islands Invasive Species Types of Erosion What makes an environmentally sustainable society? What are the 3 spheres of sustainability? For an environment to be sustainable, there needs to be a balance of societal, economical, and environmental benifets. Society- People Economy - Profit Environment - Planet How does money (poverty & affluence) play a role in environmental science? How does this affect the poor? What is natural capital? How do we price natural capital? Money plays a role in environmental science when lower income areas don´t have the money to support and save the environment. The poor don´t have lower protein in their diet, and tend to be unhealthier. What is an environmental conscience? Environmental worldview? Environmental ethics? Environmental Conscience is the awareness of humans about the environment. What's the biological capacity? Ecological deficit? Biological Capacity is the max amount of life in area that can still generate an ongoing supply of resources and absorb its own wastes. Ecological Deficit is the footprint of a population that exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Why do we exploit common shared renewable resources? We exploit common shared renewable resources because we want to have resources spread throughout to people needing these resources. California -> Great Lakes example. How does culture affect the environment? What are 3 major revolutions that have affected the environment? Culture affects the environment when people practice certain things like logging to destroy the environment. Even indirect environmental problems can occur, like leftover festival litter can affect the environment What are some solutions to our environmental problems? Finding an alternative that is better for the environment, or reducing productivity or levels. What are the steps of the scientific method? 1. problem 2. hypothesis 3. procedure ze usion Identify what abiotic & biotic factors are? What are limiting factors & examples? What are trophic levels, how do they play a role in food webs? Species interactions? What is biomass & ecological efficiency? How do these things shape an ecosystem? How do we measure productivity in an ecosystem? Abiotic Factors are the nonliving things in an ecosystem. Biotic factors are the living things in an ecosystem. Trophic Levels are the layers in a food pyramid. They play a role because they place organisms in their particular hiercharcy in an ecosystem. Biomass is the total mass of organisms in an area. Energy Efficiency is the steady efficiency of energy transferred from one tropic level to the next. We measure the productivity of an ecosystem by calculating the growth of biomass. Water Cycle & steps. How do we use the water cycle & how do we affect the water cycle? How do we interfere with the water cycle (specific examples) Water is evaporated, or transpired (Land). Condenses in the sky. Precipitates to the ground. Percolates ( Flows into the ground). Ground Water flows into a main stream. What is biodiversity? Why is it important? How do we measure biodiversity? What are other ways we measure diversity (or other levels of diversity)? Where do species come from? Biodiversity is the diversity of organisms in an organisms based upon biomass and ecological efficiency. Biodiversity is important because the more you have, the healthier the ecosystem is. We can measure biodiversity by counting how many species are in an area. What is evolution? What is natural selection (vs. artificial selection)? What are some advantages of natural selection? How does genetic resistance factor into the theory of evolution by natural selection? Evolution is the process of organisms adapting to their environment through natural selection. Natural Selection is the idea that the better trait of an organism will outlive the weaker gene, causing an increase of the better trait. Artificial Selection is when scientists implant the better genes into organisms to allow them to live. Natural Selection is better because artificial traits can go wrong and result in an unexpected negative. The theory of evolution is the idea that organisms can adapt over long periods of time through natural selection, so over time insects will be able to overcome the pesticides we spray on them. Compare specialist & generalist species, habitat vs. niche A generalist species is a species able to survive in a wide range of ecosystems. A specialist species is a species unable to survive in a environment unless its it preferred environment. A niche is the role an organism plays in an ecosystem. A habitat is a natural home to an organism What is ecological succession? Is it good or bad? How long does it take? Where & why does it occur? What are keystone species & why are they important? What happens when they leave an area? What are all the relationships between species that we identified in class? Understand who benefits, who is hurt, or if either is affected at & know examples of each. A keystone species is a species an ecosystem largely depends on. A keystone species is important because it plays a vital role either as a food source, or as a hunter to prevent issues like over grazing. Intraspecific - Competion between 2 different species. Tiger v. Lion. Interspecific - Competiton between 2 of the same species. Lions v. Lion. Predator - Prey - 1 is affected while the other benifets. Bird v. Bug. Ammensilism - 1 animal is affected while the other is not affected. Elephant v. Bugs on the ground. Commensalism - 1 is unaffected but the other is benifeted. Egrets v. Cattle Mutualism - Both species benifet. Ox- pecker v. Zebra. Paristism - A parasite invades a host from the inside. Be able to identify and explain the following: exponential growth, logistic growth, and carrying capacity? Expodential Growth - J shape, unlimited resources. Logistic Growth - S shape, limited resources. Carrying Capacity - max capacity of growth an organisms can do. Compare & contrast r-strategists & k-strategists, what are strategies & examples of each? R Strategists - have lots of children, are generalist species, and leave almost immediatly after birth. Insects K Strategists - Not as many children, are specific species, and stay with their young longer. Humans What are population pyramids & how do you analyze them? Compare rapid & gradual population decline & consequences of each. What factors affect the human population growth rate? Population Pyramids are graphs that show the array of populations in an area. We analyze them by finding patterns like developing countries tend to have a younger population. Developing Countries have a rapid population with a high birth rate, an a high death rate. Developed Countries have a low birth rate, low death rate. Poverty, War, and Hunger are the main causes for such a high mortality rate. Pre-Industrial - High Birth and Death Rate Transitional - High Birth Rate, Medium Death Rate Industrial - Medium Birth Rate, Low Death Rate Post Industrial - Lower Birth Rate, Low Death Rate Is the size of the human population a concern? Is it still growing? Is it distributed evenly geographically? Human Population is a concern because we need to keep tabs on how countries are doing. Human Population is still growing. Population is not distributed evenly because Asia has 1/2 of the worlds population. What are biomes and what are the different types? How do we measure productivity of a biome? Rain-forests - High Temperature and High Precipitation Deciduous Forest - Medium Temperature and Medium precipitation. Cold Winters, Warm Summers. Taiga - Long Cold Winters, Short Cool Summers. Desert - Low Precipitation. Grasslands - hot summers, cold winters. Medium Precipitation. Compare old-growth forests, secondary growth forests, & tree farms? What is some natural capital & ecological services we receive from forests? Old Growth - not touched in 200 years. Secondary Growth - touched by man within 200 years. Tree farms are man made farms of trees produced for lumber profit, and doesn't effect the environment too much. Forests are natural and have a environmental purpose of supplying animals with the necessities they need. Natural Capital is the profits that forests sustain. Ecological : reduces soil erosion, provides numerous habitats, and stores carbon. Economical : lumber, jobs, recreation. What are your options for lumber harvesting (be sure to know advantages & disadvantages of each Commercial Thinning - thinning the trees of value. Pre-Commercial Thinning - thinning the small trees of no value. Clear Cutting - cutting all of the trees out of a certain area. Selective Cutting - cutting a certain tree out of an area. Strip Cutting - like clear cutting but only cutting in strips. Seed Tree - reseeding the logged area. Shelter-wood - using mature trees as shelter for the next. Tree Farming - What is deforestation? How is our natural capital degraded from deforestation (Directly & indirectly, underlying causes)? Deforestation is the removal of trees from a forest. Natural Capital is degraded because the environment is being destroyed and there isn't anymore of a profit able to be made from that area. How can we have more sustainable forestry? WE can have a more sustainable forestry by finding a balance between making money and keeping the environment healthy. What are the trends in species extinction? What is the background extinction rate? What are some reasons species are going extinct at a much faster rate than the background extinction rate (HIPCO)? What are mass extinctions? Define: Extinct, extant, endemic species. Habitat Loss, loss of vital resources Invasive Species, creates more competiton Pollution, habitats are altered from pollution Climate Change, same effect as pollution Overgrazing, a deficet of resources is found What is genetic engineering? What is the science behind genetic engineering ad how can this potentially bring back extinct species. Genetic Engineering is the idea of pulling a Jurassic Park and bringing back an extinct species. Scientists will infect an organisms or egg with bacteria containing the DNA that was manipulated. What are some major pollution problems affecting groundwater, oceans, lakes, streams, & other drinking water sources? Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. What is groundwater? Aquifers? Why are they so important? What are some consequences of depleting groundwater sources & aquifers? What about contaminating groundwater sources? Groundwater s water held underground in pores or between rocks. A large source of groundwater. Aquifers are so important because they are a large source of freshwater, and are a backup if an ecosystem runs out. When an aquifer is depleted it takes a long time to refill, can cause lower levels of water, and can decrease water quality. What is surface water? Surface runoff? What are some issues with surface runoff? Surface Runoff is water not able to be absorbed by the land below.Surface Runoff causes erosion, makes droughts worse, and makes slower recharge times for aquifers.