Title: Structure of Organic Molecules
1. Carbon Atoms:
Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules.
It can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms or different elements.
Forms stable covalent bonds due to its ability to share electrons.
2. Functional Groups:
Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms that impart characteristic chemical
properties to organic compounds.
Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), amino (-NH2), and carboxyl (-COOH).
3. Hydrocarbons:
Organic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
Classified into alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).
4. Isomerism:
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Structural isomers have different arrangements of atoms.
Geometric isomers have different spatial arrangements due to restricted rotation around
double bonds.
5. Alcohols:
Contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
Common examples include methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH).
6. Aldehydes and Ketones:
Aldehydes have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
Ketones have a carbonyl group within the carbon chain.
Examples include formaldehyde (HCHO, aldehyde) and acetone (CH3COCH3, ketone).
7. Carboxylic Acids:
Contain the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.
Examples include acetic acid (CH3COOH) and formic acid (HCOOH).
8. Amines:
Contain the amino (-NH2) functional group.
Classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon groups
attached to the nitrogen atom.
1. Carbon Atoms:
Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules.
It can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms or different elements.
Forms stable covalent bonds due to its ability to share electrons.
2. Functional Groups:
Functional groups are specific arrangements of atoms that impart characteristic chemical
properties to organic compounds.
Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), amino (-NH2), and carboxyl (-COOH).
3. Hydrocarbons:
Organic molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
Classified into alkanes (single bonds), alkenes (double bonds), and alkynes (triple bonds).
4. Isomerism:
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
Structural isomers have different arrangements of atoms.
Geometric isomers have different spatial arrangements due to restricted rotation around
double bonds.
5. Alcohols:
Contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
Common examples include methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH).
6. Aldehydes and Ketones:
Aldehydes have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain.
Ketones have a carbonyl group within the carbon chain.
Examples include formaldehyde (HCHO, aldehyde) and acetone (CH3COCH3, ketone).
7. Carboxylic Acids:
Contain the carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.
Examples include acetic acid (CH3COOH) and formic acid (HCOOH).
8. Amines:
Contain the amino (-NH2) functional group.
Classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon groups
attached to the nitrogen atom.
