PNB 2XC3 Final exam with 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025

PNB 2XC3 Final exam with 100% Correct Answers 2024/2025 whats the purpose? what assumptions are made?, what data supports this?, what concepts and theories are used?, what conclusions can be drawn?, what are the implications and consequences? - answerElements of analytical thinking one should use for informed decisions Clarity Accuracy Precision Relevance Depth Breadth Logic Significance Fairness - answerIntellectual Standards can i understand it? - answerclarity is it error free? - answeraccuracy can it be more detailed? - answerprecision is it related to the issue? - answerrelevance is it complex? - answerdepth does it offer multiple points of view? - answerbreadth does it follow from the evidence? - answerlogic is it important? - answersignificance is there a conflict of interest or biases? - answerfairness data collector is blind to the subjects assignments to treatments - when studying animals - answerblind experiment relevant for human subjects only - both data collector and subjects are blind to the treatment - answerdouble blind to remove experimenter and subject bias - answerwhy should experiments be either blind or double blind expectation and anticipation of clinical improvement - answerplacebo effect spontaneous improvement - answermain cause of observed improvement in sham treatments how the behavior came to be - within the life time of the organism - immediate causation - answerproximate questions why a particular behavior occurs - over evolutionary time - answerultimate questions carotenoid pigments ingested in food provides red colouration - answerplumage colour in house finches: proximate explanation positive correlation between male mating success and red-colour intensity - males who can seek Colour instead of energy are better quality - better able to fight off pathogens - good foraging ability - answerplumage colour in house finches: ultimate explanation self generated movement of either a body part or the whole in animals - answeranimal behaviour fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating - answer4 F's growth, survival, reproduction - answerthe major components of an animal life history Evolution and Learning - answerTwo mechanisms that can change behaviour over time a change over generations in the proportion of individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits - answerEvolution maturity, acclimation - answermethods other than evolution and learning which change biological traits -heritable variation in beak size -higher survival rates of individuals with large beaks during a drought - reproductive fitness incurred - answerEvolution in Galapagos Finches the ability to acquire a neuronal representation of new information which can be used to determine subsequent behavior - answerlearning grasshoppers learn to eat a balanced diet with optimal nutrients like carbs and proteins learning treatment: allowed to learn naturally to prefer balanced over deficient diet random treatment: faced a changing environment which made learning impossible - answerlearning in grasshoppers experiment setup: colour food and odor, changed for random group but stayed consistent for learning group - answerlearning in grasshoppers: 3 c