THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
Inhoudsopgave
SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION – HISTORY – DEFINITION - TYPES.........................................................................8
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................8
THE INVASION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................................10
I. NUMBER OF PARTIES.........................................................................................................................10
I. THEIR LEVEL.......................................................................................................................................11
2. HISTORY..........................................................................................................................................................11
LEAGUE OF NATIONS.....................................................................................................................................11
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION....................................................................................................12
3. DEFINITION.....................................................................................................................................................12
I. ASSOCIATION OF SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......................................................................12
II. ESTABLISHED BY TREATY...................................................................................................................12
III. PURSUIT OF COMMON OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................13
IV. ONE OR MORE ORGANS..................................................................................................................13
4. TYPES..............................................................................................................................................................13
UNIVERSAL (GLOBAL) VS REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS..................................................................................13
OPEN VS CLOSED ORGANIZATIONS................................................................................................................13
GENERAL (POLITICAL) VS FUNCTIONAL (TECHNICAL) ORGANIZATIONS........................................................14
5. ABBREVIATIONS OF IOS..................................................................................................................................14
SESSION 2 LEGAL PERSONALITY AND COMPETENCES....................................................................................15
1. LEGAL PERSONALITY.......................................................................................................................................15
HISTORICAL NOTES........................................................................................................................................15
LEGAL PERSONALITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW.........................................................................................15
LEGAL PERSONALITY / CAPACITY IN DOMESTIC LAW...............................................................................16
LEGAL SITUATION PRIOR TO WOI..............................................................................................................16
REPARATION FOR INJURIES CASE ICJ (1949)..................................................................................................16
LEGAL PERSONALITY GRANTED THROUGH A LANDMARK CASE...............................................................16
OBJECTIVE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE UN SUBJECT LEGAL PERSONALITY OF OTHER IO’S / PACTA
TERTIIS RULE.............................................................................................................................................16
THE LINK BETWEEN SEPARATE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE IO...............................................................17
Matthews v United Kingdom (1999)...............................................................................................17
Mothers of Srebrenica et. V. State of the Netherlands and the United Nations............................17
2. COMPETENCES...............................................................................................................................................17
KOMPETENZ-KOMPETENZ.............................................................................................................................17
IO’S HAVE NO KOMPETENZ-KOMPETENZ.................................................................................................17
PRINCIPLE OF CONFERRAL IN THE EU............................................................................................................18
EU: PRINCIPLE OF CONFERAL - ART 5(1) – ART 4(1):................................................................................18
EXPRESS VS IMPLIED POWERS.......................................................................................................................19
EXPRESS AND IMPLIED POWERS...............................................................................................................19
DOMESTIC JURISTION – Domain Réservé.................................................................................................19
DISPUTES ON COMPETENT ORGAN...............................................................................................................20
LITIGATION ON THE COMPETENT ORGAN/ ULTRA VIRES ACTS................................................................20
SESSION 3: SOURCE OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS........................................................21
1. REFRESHER: SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................................................21
1
, 2. WHAT ARE SOURCES OF LAW AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS?........................................................21
INTRODUCING: ART. 38..................................................................................................................................21
THE COURT SHALL APPLY:..............................................................................................................................22
I. TREATIES (CONVENTIONS).....................................................................................................................22
Treaties and international organizations.........................................................................................23
II. CUSTOMARY INTERNATION LAW..........................................................................................................23
Evidence of State practice...............................................................................................................24
General Practice and IO’s................................................................................................................24
Objections to customary law binding international organizations.................................................24
3. THE PLACE OF IOS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, ESPACIALLY CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL LAW.........................................................................................................................................25
ACCOUNTING FOR IO’S IN CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW....................................................................25
III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES...........................................................................................................................25
FINDING GENERAL PRINCIPES..............................................................................................................25
IV. SUBSIDAIRY SOURCES...........................................................................................................................25
4. OTHER SOURCES OF LOW OR OBLIGATION RELEVANT FOR IOs.....................................................................26
RESOLUTIONS AS ACTS OF IOS.......................................................................................................................26
SOFT LAW.......................................................................................................................................................26
Legal Effects of soft law.............................................................................................................................26
CONCLUSIONS: SOURCES OF LAW AND IOS..................................................................................................27
SESSION 4: ORGANS: COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONING, TYPES, MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP, BALANCE OF POWER/
INSTITUTIONAL BALANCE............................................................................................................................. 27
1. DEFINITION.....................................................................................................................................................27
IOS ARE ABSTRACTIONS.................................................................................................................................27
ATTEMPT AT A DEFINITION............................................................................................................................27
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGAN AND INSTITUTION.......................................................................................28
2. ATTRIBUTABILITY............................................................................................................................................28
THE QUESTION OF THE ATTRIBUABILITY.......................................................................................................28
The question of attribuability: ilc articles on responsibility......................................................................28
3. LEGAL BASIS....................................................................................................................................................29
PRINCIPAL ORGANS............................................................................................................................................29
SUBSIDIARY ORGANS.....................................................................................................................................29
4. TYPES..............................................................................................................................................................31
PLENARY VS LIMITED ORGANS......................................................................................................................31
PRINCIPAL VS SUBSIDAIRY ORGANS...............................................................................................................32
Hierarchical relationship?.........................................................................................................................32
SECRETARIAT..................................................................................................................................................32
Tasks..........................................................................................................................................................32
Independence vis à vis MS as “international civil service”.......................................................................32
Qualification v fair geographical distribution............................................................................................33
ILO Administrative Tribunal (2003), Judgments 2232, Bustani.................................................................33
JUDICIAL ORGANS..........................................................................................................................................33
PARLIAMENTARY ORGANS.............................................................................................................................33
5. FUNCTIONING................................................................................................................................................33
PLENARY ORGAN............................................................................................................................................33
LIMITED ORGAN.............................................................................................................................................33
6. MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP - BALANCE...............................................................................................................34
SESSION 5: MEMBERSHIP: ACCESSION SUSPENSION AND TERMINATION - AND OTHER STATUES IN
INTERNAITONAL ORGANIZATIONS................................................................................................................ 35
1. ADMISSION TO MEMBERSHIP........................................................................................................................35
2
, CONDITIONS..................................................................................................................................................35
COMPARISON: UN – EU – WTO.....................................................................................................................35
United Nations..........................................................................................................................................35
I. PEACE LOVING STATE.........................................................................................................................36
II. ACCEPT OBLIGATIONS......................................................................................................................36
III. ABLE AND WILLING.........................................................................................................................36
Advisory opinion regarding the accession to the UN......................................................................36
Non-member states/observers.......................................................................................................36
European Union........................................................................................................................................37
I. EUROPEAN STATE..............................................................................................................................37
II. RESPECT OF THE VALUES IN ART. 2 TEU...........................................................................................37
Procedure........................................................................................................................................37
EU Enlargement practice.................................................................................................................38
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION.........................................................................................................39
Who can apply?...............................................................................................................................39
Procedure?...........................................................................................................................................39
2. STATUTES AT INTERNATIONLA ORGANIZATIONS............................................................................................39
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMBERS AND STATUTES...........................................................................................39
FULL MEMBERSHIP...................................................................................................................................39
ASSOCIATED MEMBERS.............................................................................................................................40
OBSERVER STATUS.....................................................................................................................................40
ENHANCED OBSERVER STATUS/ FULL PARTICIPANT STATUS...........................................................40
THE PARTICULAR CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.......................................................................................40
FULL MEMBERSHIP...................................................................................................................................40
OBSERVER STATUS.....................................................................................................................................40
ENHANVED OBSERVER/ FULL PARTICIPANT STATUS.................................................................................40
NO POSITION.............................................................................................................................................41
3. SUSPENSION OF MEMBERSHIP RIGHTS.........................................................................................................41
UNITED NATIONS...........................................................................................................................................41
Articles of the UN Charter.........................................................................................................................41
Article 19 of the UN Charter.....................................................................................................................41
EUROPEAN UNION.........................................................................................................................................41
4. EXPLUSION FOR MEMBERSHIP.......................................................................................................................42
UNITED NATIONS................................................................................................................................................43
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)..........................................................................................................43
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION.........................................................................................................43
COUNCIL OF EUROPE (COE)................................................................................................................................43
5. WITHDRAWEL FROM MEMBERSHIP...............................................................................................................43
UNITED NATIONS...........................................................................................................................................43
UN Specialized agencies............................................................................................................................43
EUROPEAN UNION.........................................................................................................................................44
Article 50 TEU............................................................................................................................................44
Case study: BREXIT....................................................................................................................................44
FACTS....................................................................................................................................................44
SCENARIOS OF BREXIT.....................................................................................................................44
OUTCOME........................................................................................................................................44
The UK in Europa and the World.....................................................................................................45
And for the WTO..............................................................................................................................45
WHAT THE EU LOST/ REMAINS........................................................................................................45
SESSION 6: UN STAFF AS INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVIES: LEGAL STATUS, DUTIES AND ACCOUNTABILITY........46
1. SOME HISTORY...............................................................................................................................................46
3
, 2. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE LAW.........................................................................................47
CONSTITUENT TREATY OF THE IO..................................................................................................................47
UN Charter Art. 100..................................................................................................................................47
UN Charter Art. 101..................................................................................................................................48
Similar provisions in constituent treaties other IO..............................................................................48
Staff Regulations and Rules + relevant Resolutions of governing body...............................................48
3. DUTIES APPLICABLE TO THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE.........................................................................48
4. ACCOUNTABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS.................................................................................49
FORMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY.........................................................................................................................50
FIVE CASE STUDIES.........................................................................................................................................50
1) CASE: Edith Cresson..............................................................................................................................50
3. CASE: The Paul Wolfowitz President Bush gave him the post of president of the World Bank............51
CASE: Ruub Lubbers..................................................................................................................................52
CASE: Dominique Strauss-Kahn................................................................................................................52
CASE: ERIK SOLHEIM (UNCDP)..................................................................................................................53
SESSION 7: RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS................................................................54
1. A PRIMER ON THE LOW OF INTERIONAL RESPONSIBILITY.............................................................................54
DEFINING INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY.................................................................................................54
CUSTOMARY LAW AND THE ILC.....................................................................................................................54
General principles of responsibility..........................................................................................................54
2. RESPONSIBILITY OS IOS FOR HUMAN IRGHTS VIOLATIONS...........................................................................55
RESONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................................55
3. TOWARDS ‘SHARED RESPONSIBILITY’ BETWEEN IOS AND STATES – THE SITUATION OF PEACKEEPING AND
HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATIONS...............................................................................................................................56
ISSUES OF AGANCY, WILL AND CONTROL......................................................................................................56
Complicity for acts of others: IO...............................................................................................................56
BEHAVIOUR OF MEMBER STATES’ ORGANS AND IO ORGANS.......................................................................57
Special issues: Dual attribution to States and IOs in respect of Human Rights........................................57
IO responsibility in Al-Skeini V United Kingdom..................................................................................58
Al-Jedda v United Kingdom..................................................................................................................58
Implications of ECTHR developments.......................................................................................................59
4. CASE STUDY: ATTRIBUTION OF CONDUCT IN INTERNATIONAL MILITARY OPERATIONS................................59
ISSUES OF CONTROL......................................................................................................................................59
Effective control in the ARIO.....................................................................................................................60
Initial UN Peacekeeping Operations.........................................................................................................60
Control, the ILC and the ARIO...................................................................................................................60
Effective control in Art. 7 in substance.....................................................................................................60
Limitations of looking at effective control................................................................................................61
Casual arguments for attributing conduct................................................................................................61
Effective control reinterpreted via causation?..........................................................................................61
Effective control and military....................................................................................................................61
SESSION 8: DECISION-MAKING-INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS LAW-MAKERS.....................................63
1. THE LEGAL ORDER OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS..............................................................................63
2. CONSITUTION – A FEW CHARACTERS.............................................................................................................63
3. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS.....................................................................................................................................63
INTERNAL RULES (AND PRACTICE) BINDING ON MEMBER STATES...............................................................63
LAW-MAKING INSTRUMENTS........................................................................................................................64
Conventions..............................................................................................................................................64
General Regulations..................................................................................................................................64
Decisions...................................................................................................................................................64
NON-BINDING INSTRUMENTS.......................................................................................................................64
4
Inhoudsopgave
SESSION 1: INTRODUCTION – HISTORY – DEFINITION - TYPES.........................................................................8
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................8
THE INVASION OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................................10
I. NUMBER OF PARTIES.........................................................................................................................10
I. THEIR LEVEL.......................................................................................................................................11
2. HISTORY..........................................................................................................................................................11
LEAGUE OF NATIONS.....................................................................................................................................11
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION....................................................................................................12
3. DEFINITION.....................................................................................................................................................12
I. ASSOCIATION OF SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW......................................................................12
II. ESTABLISHED BY TREATY...................................................................................................................12
III. PURSUIT OF COMMON OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................13
IV. ONE OR MORE ORGANS..................................................................................................................13
4. TYPES..............................................................................................................................................................13
UNIVERSAL (GLOBAL) VS REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS..................................................................................13
OPEN VS CLOSED ORGANIZATIONS................................................................................................................13
GENERAL (POLITICAL) VS FUNCTIONAL (TECHNICAL) ORGANIZATIONS........................................................14
5. ABBREVIATIONS OF IOS..................................................................................................................................14
SESSION 2 LEGAL PERSONALITY AND COMPETENCES....................................................................................15
1. LEGAL PERSONALITY.......................................................................................................................................15
HISTORICAL NOTES........................................................................................................................................15
LEGAL PERSONALITY IN INTERNATIONAL LAW.........................................................................................15
LEGAL PERSONALITY / CAPACITY IN DOMESTIC LAW...............................................................................16
LEGAL SITUATION PRIOR TO WOI..............................................................................................................16
REPARATION FOR INJURIES CASE ICJ (1949)..................................................................................................16
LEGAL PERSONALITY GRANTED THROUGH A LANDMARK CASE...............................................................16
OBJECTIVE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE UN SUBJECT LEGAL PERSONALITY OF OTHER IO’S / PACTA
TERTIIS RULE.............................................................................................................................................16
THE LINK BETWEEN SEPARATE LEGAL PERSONALITY OF THE IO...............................................................17
Matthews v United Kingdom (1999)...............................................................................................17
Mothers of Srebrenica et. V. State of the Netherlands and the United Nations............................17
2. COMPETENCES...............................................................................................................................................17
KOMPETENZ-KOMPETENZ.............................................................................................................................17
IO’S HAVE NO KOMPETENZ-KOMPETENZ.................................................................................................17
PRINCIPLE OF CONFERRAL IN THE EU............................................................................................................18
EU: PRINCIPLE OF CONFERAL - ART 5(1) – ART 4(1):................................................................................18
EXPRESS VS IMPLIED POWERS.......................................................................................................................19
EXPRESS AND IMPLIED POWERS...............................................................................................................19
DOMESTIC JURISTION – Domain Réservé.................................................................................................19
DISPUTES ON COMPETENT ORGAN...............................................................................................................20
LITIGATION ON THE COMPETENT ORGAN/ ULTRA VIRES ACTS................................................................20
SESSION 3: SOURCE OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS........................................................21
1. REFRESHER: SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW............................................................................................21
1
, 2. WHAT ARE SOURCES OF LAW AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS?........................................................21
INTRODUCING: ART. 38..................................................................................................................................21
THE COURT SHALL APPLY:..............................................................................................................................22
I. TREATIES (CONVENTIONS).....................................................................................................................22
Treaties and international organizations.........................................................................................23
II. CUSTOMARY INTERNATION LAW..........................................................................................................23
Evidence of State practice...............................................................................................................24
General Practice and IO’s................................................................................................................24
Objections to customary law binding international organizations.................................................24
3. THE PLACE OF IOS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, ESPACIALLY CUSTOMARY
INTERNATIONAL LAW.........................................................................................................................................25
ACCOUNTING FOR IO’S IN CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW....................................................................25
III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES...........................................................................................................................25
FINDING GENERAL PRINCIPES..............................................................................................................25
IV. SUBSIDAIRY SOURCES...........................................................................................................................25
4. OTHER SOURCES OF LOW OR OBLIGATION RELEVANT FOR IOs.....................................................................26
RESOLUTIONS AS ACTS OF IOS.......................................................................................................................26
SOFT LAW.......................................................................................................................................................26
Legal Effects of soft law.............................................................................................................................26
CONCLUSIONS: SOURCES OF LAW AND IOS..................................................................................................27
SESSION 4: ORGANS: COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONING, TYPES, MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP, BALANCE OF POWER/
INSTITUTIONAL BALANCE............................................................................................................................. 27
1. DEFINITION.....................................................................................................................................................27
IOS ARE ABSTRACTIONS.................................................................................................................................27
ATTEMPT AT A DEFINITION............................................................................................................................27
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGAN AND INSTITUTION.......................................................................................28
2. ATTRIBUTABILITY............................................................................................................................................28
THE QUESTION OF THE ATTRIBUABILITY.......................................................................................................28
The question of attribuability: ilc articles on responsibility......................................................................28
3. LEGAL BASIS....................................................................................................................................................29
PRINCIPAL ORGANS............................................................................................................................................29
SUBSIDIARY ORGANS.....................................................................................................................................29
4. TYPES..............................................................................................................................................................31
PLENARY VS LIMITED ORGANS......................................................................................................................31
PRINCIPAL VS SUBSIDAIRY ORGANS...............................................................................................................32
Hierarchical relationship?.........................................................................................................................32
SECRETARIAT..................................................................................................................................................32
Tasks..........................................................................................................................................................32
Independence vis à vis MS as “international civil service”.......................................................................32
Qualification v fair geographical distribution............................................................................................33
ILO Administrative Tribunal (2003), Judgments 2232, Bustani.................................................................33
JUDICIAL ORGANS..........................................................................................................................................33
PARLIAMENTARY ORGANS.............................................................................................................................33
5. FUNCTIONING................................................................................................................................................33
PLENARY ORGAN............................................................................................................................................33
LIMITED ORGAN.............................................................................................................................................33
6. MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP - BALANCE...............................................................................................................34
SESSION 5: MEMBERSHIP: ACCESSION SUSPENSION AND TERMINATION - AND OTHER STATUES IN
INTERNAITONAL ORGANIZATIONS................................................................................................................ 35
1. ADMISSION TO MEMBERSHIP........................................................................................................................35
2
, CONDITIONS..................................................................................................................................................35
COMPARISON: UN – EU – WTO.....................................................................................................................35
United Nations..........................................................................................................................................35
I. PEACE LOVING STATE.........................................................................................................................36
II. ACCEPT OBLIGATIONS......................................................................................................................36
III. ABLE AND WILLING.........................................................................................................................36
Advisory opinion regarding the accession to the UN......................................................................36
Non-member states/observers.......................................................................................................36
European Union........................................................................................................................................37
I. EUROPEAN STATE..............................................................................................................................37
II. RESPECT OF THE VALUES IN ART. 2 TEU...........................................................................................37
Procedure........................................................................................................................................37
EU Enlargement practice.................................................................................................................38
THE WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION.........................................................................................................39
Who can apply?...............................................................................................................................39
Procedure?...........................................................................................................................................39
2. STATUTES AT INTERNATIONLA ORGANIZATIONS............................................................................................39
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMBERS AND STATUTES...........................................................................................39
FULL MEMBERSHIP...................................................................................................................................39
ASSOCIATED MEMBERS.............................................................................................................................40
OBSERVER STATUS.....................................................................................................................................40
ENHANCED OBSERVER STATUS/ FULL PARTICIPANT STATUS...........................................................40
THE PARTICULAR CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION.......................................................................................40
FULL MEMBERSHIP...................................................................................................................................40
OBSERVER STATUS.....................................................................................................................................40
ENHANVED OBSERVER/ FULL PARTICIPANT STATUS.................................................................................40
NO POSITION.............................................................................................................................................41
3. SUSPENSION OF MEMBERSHIP RIGHTS.........................................................................................................41
UNITED NATIONS...........................................................................................................................................41
Articles of the UN Charter.........................................................................................................................41
Article 19 of the UN Charter.....................................................................................................................41
EUROPEAN UNION.........................................................................................................................................41
4. EXPLUSION FOR MEMBERSHIP.......................................................................................................................42
UNITED NATIONS................................................................................................................................................43
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)..........................................................................................................43
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION.........................................................................................................43
COUNCIL OF EUROPE (COE)................................................................................................................................43
5. WITHDRAWEL FROM MEMBERSHIP...............................................................................................................43
UNITED NATIONS...........................................................................................................................................43
UN Specialized agencies............................................................................................................................43
EUROPEAN UNION.........................................................................................................................................44
Article 50 TEU............................................................................................................................................44
Case study: BREXIT....................................................................................................................................44
FACTS....................................................................................................................................................44
SCENARIOS OF BREXIT.....................................................................................................................44
OUTCOME........................................................................................................................................44
The UK in Europa and the World.....................................................................................................45
And for the WTO..............................................................................................................................45
WHAT THE EU LOST/ REMAINS........................................................................................................45
SESSION 6: UN STAFF AS INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVIES: LEGAL STATUS, DUTIES AND ACCOUNTABILITY........46
1. SOME HISTORY...............................................................................................................................................46
3
, 2. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE LAW.........................................................................................47
CONSTITUENT TREATY OF THE IO..................................................................................................................47
UN Charter Art. 100..................................................................................................................................47
UN Charter Art. 101..................................................................................................................................48
Similar provisions in constituent treaties other IO..............................................................................48
Staff Regulations and Rules + relevant Resolutions of governing body...............................................48
3. DUTIES APPLICABLE TO THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE.........................................................................48
4. ACCOUNTABILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS.................................................................................49
FORMS OF ACCOUNTABILITY.........................................................................................................................50
FIVE CASE STUDIES.........................................................................................................................................50
1) CASE: Edith Cresson..............................................................................................................................50
3. CASE: The Paul Wolfowitz President Bush gave him the post of president of the World Bank............51
CASE: Ruub Lubbers..................................................................................................................................52
CASE: Dominique Strauss-Kahn................................................................................................................52
CASE: ERIK SOLHEIM (UNCDP)..................................................................................................................53
SESSION 7: RESPONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS................................................................54
1. A PRIMER ON THE LOW OF INTERIONAL RESPONSIBILITY.............................................................................54
DEFINING INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY.................................................................................................54
CUSTOMARY LAW AND THE ILC.....................................................................................................................54
General principles of responsibility..........................................................................................................54
2. RESPONSIBILITY OS IOS FOR HUMAN IRGHTS VIOLATIONS...........................................................................55
RESONSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS...................................................................................55
3. TOWARDS ‘SHARED RESPONSIBILITY’ BETWEEN IOS AND STATES – THE SITUATION OF PEACKEEPING AND
HUMAN RIGHT VIOLATIONS...............................................................................................................................56
ISSUES OF AGANCY, WILL AND CONTROL......................................................................................................56
Complicity for acts of others: IO...............................................................................................................56
BEHAVIOUR OF MEMBER STATES’ ORGANS AND IO ORGANS.......................................................................57
Special issues: Dual attribution to States and IOs in respect of Human Rights........................................57
IO responsibility in Al-Skeini V United Kingdom..................................................................................58
Al-Jedda v United Kingdom..................................................................................................................58
Implications of ECTHR developments.......................................................................................................59
4. CASE STUDY: ATTRIBUTION OF CONDUCT IN INTERNATIONAL MILITARY OPERATIONS................................59
ISSUES OF CONTROL......................................................................................................................................59
Effective control in the ARIO.....................................................................................................................60
Initial UN Peacekeeping Operations.........................................................................................................60
Control, the ILC and the ARIO...................................................................................................................60
Effective control in Art. 7 in substance.....................................................................................................60
Limitations of looking at effective control................................................................................................61
Casual arguments for attributing conduct................................................................................................61
Effective control reinterpreted via causation?..........................................................................................61
Effective control and military....................................................................................................................61
SESSION 8: DECISION-MAKING-INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AS LAW-MAKERS.....................................63
1. THE LEGAL ORDER OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS..............................................................................63
2. CONSITUTION – A FEW CHARACTERS.............................................................................................................63
3. LEGAL INSTRUMENTS.....................................................................................................................................63
INTERNAL RULES (AND PRACTICE) BINDING ON MEMBER STATES...............................................................63
LAW-MAKING INSTRUMENTS........................................................................................................................64
Conventions..............................................................................................................................................64
General Regulations..................................................................................................................................64
Decisions...................................................................................................................................................64
NON-BINDING INSTRUMENTS.......................................................................................................................64
4
