Gerontology Exam 1 Modules 1,2,3 questions with verified answers

Gerontology Exam 1 Modules 1,2,3 The scope of nursing practice is influenced by the unique needs of the population being served and is regulated by ________. The AARP The ANA The state The Federal Government - Correct answer The state" "Which term does the CDC use to mean the ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, income, or ability level? Aging in place Househole elderly Assisted living Freedom - Correct answer Aging in place" "Which initiative substantially increased the number of gerontological nurse scientists and the development of evidence-based gerontological nursing practice? STTI GNLA HGNI AARP - Correct answer HGNI" "A scientist who believes that people have a genetically programmed aging code that influences longevity is a supporter of which theory? Programmed theory Neuroendocrine theory Immunologic/autoimmune theory Gene/biological clock theory - Correct answer Gene/biological clock theory" "One often-forgotten group of the elderly in the United States is the prison population. Substandard environment, nutrition, exercise, and medical care during incarceration likely helps to________, as does the violence, anxiety, and stress associated with prison life. Reinforce social strictures against committing crimes Prevent repeat offenses Extend the life of prisoners Accelerate the aging process - Correct answer Accelerate the aging process" "In 1980, 75% of men age 65 or older were employed because ________. They were still hale and hearty They were too poor to retire They worked in family businesses Retirement did not yet exist - Correct answer They were too poor to retire" "Which of the following is the definition of the identification of gene sequences in DNA? Genetics Genomics Gerontology Gerocompetency - Correct answer Genomics" "Between 1980 and 2004, the leading cause of death for older adults was ________. Cerebrovascular diseases Alzheimer's disease Heart disease Diabetes - Correct answer Heart disease" "Which age group is the fastest growing portion of the population? 50 to 65 70 to 80 Over 85 100 plus - Correct answer Over 85" "A lawyer wishes to hire a nurse consultant who has advanced education and certification in gerontology. Based on their listed credentials, which of the following nurses best fits his criteria? Sally Smith, RN, BSN, BC Mary Malloy, RN, GNP-BC Andy Jones, LPN, CRRC Greg Reed, RN, MSN - Correct answer Mary Malloy, RN, GNP-BC" "As of 2010, ______ times as many women as men over the age of 85 had been widowed. Four Six Eight Ten - Correct answer Four" "Also known as superoxides, free radicals are thought to react with proteins, lipids, DNA, and RNA, causing cellular damage that accumulates over time and may accelerate aging. Which of the following is considered an exogenous source of free radicals? Vitamin C Cigarette smoking Alcohol consumption Radiation from a microwave oven - Correct answer Cigarette smoking" "Nurses will be treating more and more older patients in the future. To that end, nurses who will treat these older patients must understand the gerontological nursing concepts and principles related to caring for them. These concepts and principles are known as: Core knowledge Geriatric specialization Bachelor of science in nursing degree Gerocompetencies - Correct answer Gerocompetencies" "Attitudes and ideas about older adults may be based in past experience, but are often not grounded in fact. A negative attitude towards aging and older adults is called: Geriatrics Racism Ageism Ethnocentrism - Correct answer Ageism" "Level of education attained can affect an older person's socioeconomic status. Those with more education tend to have more money, higher standards of living, and ________. A larger social network Better relationships with their families Above-average health Moves into assisted living facilities earlier - Correct answer Above-average health" "Which of the following is NOT one of the Nine Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice? Clinical Population Control and Health Baccalaureate Generalist Nursing Practice Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice Basic Organizational and Systems Leadership for Quality Care and Patient Safety - Correct answer Clinical Population Control and Health" "Which of the following hormones are not identified with aging in the neuroendocrine theory of aging? Estrogen Melatonin Growth hormone Testosterone - Correct answer Testosterone" "There were approximately 5.5 million Americans over the age of 85 in 2010. By 2020, this number is projected to be: 5.9 million 6.6 million 7.8 million 8.8 million - Correct answer 6.6 million" "What percentage of seniors reported that their health is good to excellent? 12% 28% 56% 72% - Correct answer 72%" "This type of theory takes a statistical perspective, identifying episodes that happen throughout a person's life that cause random cell damage and accumulate over time to cause aging. Stochastic Immunomodulation Non-stochastic Neuroendocrine - Correct answer Stochastic" "Why should nurses expect to care for relatively larger numbers of older people over the next decades? The percentage of acute and chronic health conditions in older people is increasing. To make an increase in salary To prepare to be challenged by the educated baby boomers Life expectancy is increasing. - Correct answer Life expectancy is increasing" "In what decade did the Veterans Administration (VA) fund a number of Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECCs) where nurses were provided with substantial educational opportunities to learn about the care of older veterans? 1950s 2000s 1990s 1970s - Correct answer 1970s" "Older foreign-born U.S. citizens are more likely than those born in the United States to live in multigenerational family households, and their ________is also higher than for native-born U.S. citizens. income poverty rate language ability recovery rate - Correct answer Poverty rate" "For the first time in history, persons with spinal cord injuries and brain injuries are ________ living to become elderly receiving expert emergency treatment being allowed to choose to die with dignity developing pressure ulcers - Correct answer living to become elderly" "As a(n) _______, the gerontological nurse acts on behalf of older adults to promote their best interests and strengthen their autonomy and decision making. activist authority figure advocate helper and healer - Correct answer advocate" "The theory of ________, which proposes that as individuals age, they undergo a cognitive transformation from a materialistic, rational perspective to a sense of spiritual unity with the universe, was proposed by Tornstam in 1994. Gerotransformation Gerontology Gerotranscendence Gerontological disengagement - Correct answer Gerotranscendence" "Which of the following is not considered a core competency for nurses caring for older adults? Utilize resources/programs to promote functional, physical, and mental wellness in older adults. Obtain certification in gerontological nursing from a baccalaureate institution. Implement strategies and use online guidelines to prevent and/or identify and manage geriatric syndromes. Use valid and reliable assessment tools to guide nursing practice for older adults. - Correct answer Obtain certification in gerontological nursing from a baccalaureate institution." "Sociologists Cumming and Henry asserted in 1961 that aging is characterized by a desire to withdraw from society and relationships. This much-challenged theory is called ________. activity theory disengagement theory subculture person-environment fit - Correct answer disengagement theory" "The two key trailblazers in the field of gerontological nursing were: Doreen Norton and Eleanor Pingrey Florence Nightingale and Doreen Norton Eleanor Pingrey and Florence Nightingale Terry Fulmer and Eleanor Pingrey - Correct answer Florence Nightingale and Doreen Norton" "Nurses can use knowledge of ________theoretical perspectives to help plan and implement ways to promote health care for aging populations and all age groups. nonstochastic multiple personal conclusive - Correct answer multiple" "Erikson's stages of personality development for a person that is 76 years old would be: autonomy versus shame ego integrity versus despair generativity versus isolation trust versus mistrust - Correct answer ego integrity versus despair" "A 99-year-old widow who has lived alone in her own home for 40 years experiences a fall and is sent to a nursing home by her children and grandchildren. She refuses to eat and exhibits signs and symptoms of depression and withdrawal. Which theory does this most describe? Functional consequences Theory of thriving Neuroendocrine Immunological - Correct answer Theory of thriving" "Borrowing from psychology, Havighurst, Neugarten & Tobin hypothesized that personality influences the roles one assumes, how roles are enacted, and one's satisfaction with living. Also called development theory, this idea is known as ________. activity theory subculture theory continuity theory age stratification theory - Correct answer continuity theory" "Health problems in older adults can vary according to ethnicity. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? African American men have a higher rate of prostate cancer than White men. Hispanic seniors have higher rates of gall bladder and stomach cancer than White seniors. White seniors are more likely to die of cancer or heart disease than Asian/Pacific Islanders. Life expectancy for Alaskan natives is much higher than the rest of the U.S. population. - Correct answer Life expectancy for Alaskan natives is much higher than the rest of the U.S. population." "Which of the following is NOT one of the three cohorts of aging veterans in the United States? Those who served in World War II Those who served in Korea Those who served in Vietnam Those who served in Afghanistan - Correct answer Those who served in Afghanistan" "Which stochastic theory of aging suggests that, over time, cells accumulate errors in their DNA and RNA protein synthesis that cause the cells to die? Free radical theory Orgel/error theory Wear and tear theory Connective tissue theory - Correct answer Orgel/error theory" "The ________ is a registered nurse prepared in a graduate level geriatric program to provide a full range of health care services on the wellness-illness health care continuum at an advanced level to older adults, whose practice includes independent and interdependent decision making, and who is directly accountable for clinical judgments. Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Clinical Specialist in Gerontological Nursing (GCNS) Geriatric Nurse Practitioner (GNP) Adult Nursing Care Clinician (ANCC) - Correct answer Geriatric Nurse Practitioner (GNP)" "The older population in the United States is growing more ________as it ages. racially and ethnically diverse conservative healthy active - Correct answer racially and ethnically diverse" "Which of the following accurately describes the Human Needs Theory? Life stages are predictable and structured by roles, relationships, values, development and goals. Individuals cope with aging losses through activity/role selection, optimization, and compensation. Personality develops in eight sequential stages with corresponding life development tasks. Five basic needs motivate human behavior in a lifelong process toward need fulfillment. - Correct answer Five basic needs motivate human behavior in a lifelong process toward need fulfillment." "Older people who live alone are more likely to live in poverty. According to a 2008 study of the over-65 populations, which group was most likely to be living alone? Hispanic men Asian women Black men White women - Correct answer White women" "The generalist in gerontological nursing completes a basic entry-level program in nursing (a diploma in nursing, or an associate or bachelor of science degree in nursing) but to become certified in gerontological nursing, the applicant must also have how much experience as a licensed registered nurse? 1 year 2 years 5 years 10 years - Correct answer 2 years" "According to the CDC, "preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal health experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other population groups and communities" is the definition of: racial diversity health disparities medical diversity ethnic disparity - Correct answer health disparities" "Which of the following situations affecting older adults could a nurse address using psychosocial theories of aging? Sleep rhythms Incontinence Ego integrity Catecholamine surges - Correct answer Ego integrity" "While the Social Security Administration defines "old" as anyone over 65 years of age, this group is often subdivided into four groups. According to this system, a person aged 80 would be considered: "young old" "middle old" "old old" "very old" - Correct answer "middle old"" "The human fibroblast replicative senescence model suggests that cells divide until they no longer can, triggering the _______ or cell death. telomeres apoptosis sequence T-cell differentiation Interleukins - Correct answer apoptosis sequence" "The psychosocial theory of aging that says that personality influences roles and life satisfaction, and remains consistent through life is ________. continuity gerotranscendence human needs life course - Correct answer continuity" "Which of the following is NOT performed by gerontological nurses? Maximize patient independence Evaluate the effectiveness of their care Identify the strengths and limitations of their patients Prescribe medications for common conditions of aging - Correct answer Prescribe medications for common conditions of aging" "Which of the following describes nonstochastic theories of aging? View aging as a series of predetermined events that happen to all organisms at particular times. View aging as caused by DNA strand breaks and base modifications that cause gene modulation. View aging as a result of accumulated errors in the DNA and RNA protein synthesis of cells. View aging as caused by the inability of cells to repair damage in the DNA. - Correct answer View aging as a series of predetermined events that happen to all organisms at particular times." "What common mental health problem often goes undiagnosed in older adults because its symptoms can mimic age-related changes, chronic physical illness, and the side-effects of medication? clinical depression bipolar disorder psychosis paranoid schizophrenia - Correct answer clinical depression" "Changes in which of the following body systems are generally most noticeable to the naked eye? respiratory integumentary gastrointestinal neurological - Correct answer integumentary" "The most commonly reported illness among older adults is ________. COPD Alzheimer's disease osteoarthritis diabetes - Correct answer osteoarthritis" "The loss of both hearing and vision is called ________. dual sensory impairment hearing-vision impairment multisensory impairment sensorineural impairment - Correct answer dual sensory impairment" "Validation is one of the communication strategies that supports personhood in people with dementia. Which definition is associated with Validation? Acknowledge the person's emotions/feelings and respond. Consult the person about preferences, desires, needs. Work together, involve the person. Enable the person to do what otherwise he/she wouldn't be able to do by providing the missing parts of the action. Acknowledge the person, know their name, affirm uniqueness. - Correct answer Acknowledge the person's emotions/feelings and respond." "Bodily absorption of what vitamin increases with age? Vitamin A Vitamin B1 Vitamin C7 Vitamin D - Correct answer Vitamin A" "Which of the following situations would indicate that the 82-year-old patient should probably be assessed for respiratory function? Extreme thirst Constipation Urinary incontinence Extended bed rest - Correct answer extended bed rest" "Which of the following questions is not found on the Lubben Social Network Scale? In general, other than your children, how many relatives do you feel close to and have contact with at least once a month? In general, how many friends do you feel close to and have contact with at least once a month? Can you count on anyone for emotional support (talking over problems or helping you make a decision)? Is there any one special person you could call or contact if you needed help? - Correct answer Can you count on anyone for emotional support (talking over problems or helping you make a decision)?" "Compensatory strategies provide mechanisms to assist the person with a physical or neurological impairment. Which of the following is not a compensatory strategy? Adapting the environment Using alternative augmentative communication Technological devices Having the patient use common single words to communicate - Correct answer Having the patient use common single words to communicate" "Which of the following age-related diseases can cause chronic renal failure? macular degeneration Parkinson's dementia hypertension - Correct answer hypertension" "To better communicate with older adults who may have limited education or language barriers, nurses should have patients repeat back to them the health information they have just received. This easy and effective method of assessing comprehension of health teaching is called the ________method. talk-back back-and-forth call-and-response teach-back - Correct answer teach-back" "It is important to be knowledgeable about age-related and disease-associated changes in relation to sexual function and to be sensitive and respectful of privacy because this is clearly a very personal area of human function. One of the most significant changes in the reproductive system for older females is ________. decreased vaginal lubrication atrophy of uterus decreased libido lack of male partners - Correct answer decreased vaginal lubrication" "All four cardiac valves increase in circumference in older adults, with the greatest increase occurring in which valve? Mitral valve Aortic valve Tricuspid valve Pulmonic valve - Correct answer aortic valve" "Which of the following is not identified as a reason that older adults communicate less with others? Living alone Increased antisocial behavior and attitudes Declining social networks Being hospitalized or in a supportive care setting - Correct answer Increased antisocial behavior and attitudes" "The nurse is administering two simple screening procedures to Miss Hepburn, a 72-year-old female. First the nurse asks Miss Hepburn to read a headline and story in the newspaper. Next, she asks Miss Hepburn to read the information on her own bottle of prescription medication. What is Miss Hepburn being assessed for? cognitive decline functional vision health literacy ability to follow simple directions - Correct answer functional vision" "Mr. Douglass, a 60-year-old African American man, is a new patient. He reports feeling fatigued, more thirsty than usual, and has a sore spot on his foot that seems to be taking a long time to heal. For what disease associated with aging should Mr. Douglass be assessed? COPD glaucoma diabetes osteoporosis - Correct answer diabetes" "In the later stages of dementia, expressive and receptive communication is greatly affected. This means that _______ may become the primary way that the patient can communicate his or her desires. talking nonverbal communication writing whispering - Correct answer nonverbal communication" "Which of the following is a progressive degenerative condition that includes symptoms such as tremors, slow movements, rigidity of limbs or trunk, and unstable balance? Alzheimer's Parkinson's ALS COPD - Correct answer Parkinson's" "Most hearing loss in older adults is both symmetric and bilateral, and hearing problems are exacerbated in a noisy environment. Which of the following questions is recommended for a nurse to ask a patient during and assessment for ear and hearing problems? Are you suffering from cerumen impaction? Are you experiencing a hearing problem or any ear pain, ringing in the ears, or ear discharge? How long have you been troubled with otosclerosis? Don't you think someone your age should be wearing a hearing aid? - Correct answer Are you experiencing a hearing problem or any ear pain, ringing in the ears, or ear discharge?" "Mrs. Green is being assessed for neurological function. The nurse should ask about ________. whether she notices stiffness or pain in her joints how long she has felt sick which medications she is taking, including prescriptions, over-the-counter medicines, and herbal supplements how often she hears from her grandchildren - Correct answer which medications she is taking, including prescriptions, over-the-counter medicines, and herbal supplements" "The nurse measures a distance of 10 feet from Mr. Hubble's chair, then asks him to rise, walk to the line, turn and walk balk, then sit down again. The nurse is conducting which assessment? Morse Fall Scale Bone Density Test Up and Go Test Glucose Tolerance Test - Correct answer Up and Go Test" "Which of the following visual changes associated with normal aging is the decreased ability of the eye lens to focus on nearby objects due to normal aging? presbyopia yellowing of the lens night blindness decreased accommodation - Correct answer presbyopia" "The most common form of dementia, accounting for 60% to 80% of dementia cases, is ________. Alzheimer's disease vascular dementia frontotemporal dementia mixed dementia - Correct answer Alzheimer's disease" "Which of the following is not a symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder? fatigue shortness of breath chronic cough tremors - Correct answer tremors" "When communicating with an older patient's family, it is important to ________. be sure the family member has a valid power of attorney that allows communication avoid excluding the older adult patient from communication about their health care speak for the patient if the patient cannot communicate directly add a "family communication" rider to the patient's Medicare form - Correct answer avoid excluding the older adult patient from communication about their health care" "Which of the following statements is FALSE? Nails decline in linear growth rate; change in color, texture, and shape Hair has thinning and loss; changes in length, appearance, and site of growth; graying most common sensory deficit in the older population is taste presbyopia is the inability to - Correct answer most common sensory deficit in the older population is taste" "Younger people often modify and simplify their speech when talking to older adult patients, resulting in communication that is similar to baby talk, featuring terms of endearment and tag questions that prompt for a response. The term for this type of speech is ________. oldstertalk agespeak elderspeak eldertalk - Correct answer elderspeak" "Fairly common in older people, ________ is a continual, abnormal sound in one or both ears. conductive hearing loss sensorineural hearing loss mixed hearing loss tinnitus - Correct answer tinnitus" "Declarative memory, factual information that can be declared, is divided into three types. Which of the following is not one of those types? Lexical memory Episodic memory Working memory Semantic memory - Correct answer Working memory" "Nurses and others who care for older adults can make use of effective strategies to help facilitate effective communication. Choose the best communication strategy to use with a patient who has impaired cognition. Simplify vocabulary and avoid jargon Use touch to gain attention Provide written information in large, easy to read print Eliminate or minimize background noise - Correct answer Simplify vocabulary and avoid jargon" "Which term means age-related change in vision? Presbyopia Presbycusis Presbytery Pyracantha - Correct answer Presbyopia" "Which of the following is not one of the pathological changes that affect vision in the aging population? cataracts presbycusis acute glaucoma diabetic retinopathy - Correct answer presbycusis" "Which of the following reflects aging changes in the GI system? Increased peristaltic action Increased gastric acid secretion Urinary incontinence Constipation - Correct answer constipation" "Decreased mobility and extended bed rest are at likely to have what effect on the integumentary system of an older adult? skin injury and breakdown skin tags regeneration of cells increased blood supply - Correct answer skin injury and breakdown" "When referring to a patient with an impairment, it is important to stress the person as an individual who has some condition or disease instead of defining the person in terms of the condition or disease, for instance, "Mrs. Gleason has a hearing loss" rather than "Mrs. Gleason is hearing-impaired." This is called ________. Respect-based reference Person-first language Simplification Kind and fair language - Correct answer Person-first language" "Functional health combined with life satisfaction, feelings of competency, and perception of social support is a way to define ________. independence quality of life mental health re-engagement - Correct answer quality of life" "An alternative to a traditional nursing home, _______ are made to look like the surrounding homes in a residential community. Each one can house about 10 people, each with a private room and bath, and access to a central area for cooking and socializing, and a garden. Creative Retirement Centers Assisted Living Communities Green Houses Skilled Nursing Community - Correct answer Green houses" "One-half of all postmenopausal women will have a fracture related to osteoporosis at some point in their life. Screening is recommended for all women age ________ and older and for younger women who are at high risk for fractures. 50 55 65 75 - Correct answer 65" "________ have been used with varying degrees of success to address a wide variety of behaviors, such as improving nutrition, exercising, or giving up smoking, drugs, or alcohol abuse. Motivational speeches State and federal legislative initiatives Collections of research data Health contracts - Correct answer Health contracts" "Which of the following screening tests does not receive a Level A recommendation from the USPSTF? Tobacco use Dementia Lipids Hypertension - Correct answer Dementia" "When someone proactively engages in activities to advance or improve his or her health, that person is engaged in ________. diet and exercise health routine eating more fruits and vegetables health promotion activities - Correct answer health promotion activities" "Health screening is a form of ________ prevention. primary secondary tertiary quaternary - Correct answer secondary" "2.5 million older Americans have alcohol-related problems that augment problems related to polypharmacy. The CAGE questionnaire has been found to have 75% sensitivity and 96% specificity in screening for alcoholism. Which of the following is not one of the questions in the CAGE questionnaire? Cut down: Refers to attempts by the client to cut down on drinking Annoyance: Related to suggestions by friends or family to cut down on drinking Guilt: Relates to client guilt about drinking Engaged: Relates to the need for a drink to feel engaged in daily activities - Correct answer Engaged: Relates to the need for a drink to feel engaged in daily activities" "Which annual vaccinations are recommended for older adults, especially for those who are hospitalized or live in communities? Influenza vaccine Polio vaccine Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine Meningococcal vaccine - Correct answer influenza vaccine" "Healthy People 2020 was created by the ________. North Carolina Center for Creative Retirement Mind/Body Medical Institute National Center for Health Statistics U.S. Public Health Services - Correct answer U.S. Public Health Services" "Which of the following is true about the elderly and medications? Longer stays in the hospital increase understanding of medications in elderly adults Elderly adults are at increased risk of adverse drug effects more than younger adults, because they take more medications and because of the biologic effects of aging and chronic diseases affect. There is a decreased risk of side effects with aging Older adults make up about 25% of the population and use about 50% of all prescription and OTC medications sold in the U.S. - Correct answer Elderly adults are at increased risk of adverse drug effects more than younger adults, because they take more medications and because of the biologic effects of aging and chronic diseases affect." "Dependency can be described as "frailty" when there are deficiencies in _____ Activities of Daily Living, along with weakness and chronic exhaustion. three five six eight - Correct answer three" "A study of 1,645 older adults determined that simply walking for _______ hours per week decreased the risk of future hospitalization for cardiovascular disease. 2 4 8 12 - Correct answer 4" "The Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions (STOPP) is a new, validated tool for identifying inappropriate prescribing to older adults; it is used in conjunction with the Beer's Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Older Adults published by the American Geriatrics Society in 2012. Which of the following is on the STOPP list of drugs affecting the cardiovascular system? Phenothiazines in patients with epilepsy Anticholinergic antispasmodic drugs with chronic constipation Beta-blocker in combination with verapamil confusion Vasodilator drugs known to cause hypotension in those with persistent postural hypotension (i.e., recurrent > 20 mmHg drop in systolic blood pressure) - Correct answer Beta-blocker in combination with verapamil confusion" "Medicare Prevention refers to the federal government ________. preventing older people from signing up for Medicare preventing Medicare funding reimbursing Medicare recipients for certain prevention activities recommending moving seniors from Medicare to private insurance - Correct answer reimbursing Medicare recipients for certain prevention activities" "While older adults make up only about 13% of the general population, they account for 25% of suicide deaths. This elevated rate is influenced by ________ who have a suicide rate six times higher than the national rate. white women age 65-70 who have been widowed African American men between the ages of 70 and 80 divorced African American women in their late 70s white men age 85 or over - Correct answer white men age 85 or over" "The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force uses different levels to indicate the quality of different screening recommendations, based on the strength of the supporting evidence and the net benefit. Which of the following descriptions matches Level C? Clinicians may provide this service to selected patients depending on individual circumstances. However, for most individuals without signs or symptoms there is likely to be only a small benefit from this service. The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits. The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that the ne - Correct answer The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits." "Prostate cancer is both the second most-common form of cancer and the second most-common cause of cancer death among U.S. men, and the risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age. Yet, controversy has arisen about screening for prostate cancer because the tests cannot accurately predict which cancers will be aggressive and require treatment, and which are unlikely to metastasize. What is the current USPSTF recommendation regarding screening for prostate cancer in men over age 75? Level A: There is high certainty that the net benefit of screening with DRE and PSA is substantial, based on rigorous experimental research with consistent results. Level C: Clinicians may provide screening with DRE and PSA to selected patients depending on individual circumstances. However, for most individuals without signs or symptoms there is likely to be only a small benefit from this service. Level D: There is moderate or - Correct answer Level I: There is insufficient evidence to recommend screening based on inconclusive evidence that screening with DRE and PSA improves health outcomes." "Which organization is known for its advocacy accomplishments, and publishes the Nutrition Action Health letter? Center for Science in the Public Interest Preventive Medicine Research Institute The Benson-Henry Institute for Mind/Body Medicine Strong for Life - Correct answer Center for Science in the Public Interest" "The rate of elder abuse and neglect in the United States is difficult to estimate without more appropriate screening instruments. Most states mandate that elder abuse must be reported to the ________, but estimates are that only 1 in 14 cases are actually reported. primary care physician adult protective services agency National Center on Elder Abuse state attorney general's office - Correct answer adult protective services agency" "Which study began with over 5,000 male and female subjects about 50 years ago in order to study cardiovascular risk factors and elucidated many of the risk factors associated with coronary heart disease? National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Framingham Heart Study Women's Health Australia Study Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) - Correct answer Framingham Heart Study" "Which of the following is a 17-hour course developed by the Stanford School of Medicine for patients with chronic diseases that is taught by trained laypeople, the goal of which is to goal is to teach patients to improve symptom management, maintain functional ability, and adhere to the medication regimen? Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) Tertiary Prevention Efforts (TPE) Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program (LTCOP) Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP) - Correct answer Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP)" "Americans currently average about 5,130 steps per day. Many advocates of walking recommend that people should work up to ________ steps per day. 6,000 7,500 10,000 50,000 - Correct answer 10,000" "Which of the following is not a screening test used to find depression in older adults? Geriatric Depression Scale Mini Mental State Examination Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia PHQ-9 - Correct answer Mini Mental State Examination" "Which of the following is not a reason that an older person might be vulnerable to depression? functional dependence chronic, painful medical conditions large social network widowhood - Correct answer large social network" "Scientific evidence supports the idea that functional disability is usually caused by aging illnesses and diseases related to unhealthy lifestyle decisions unavoidable chronic illness injuries incurred earlier in life - Correct answer illnesses and diseases related to unhealthy lifestyle decisions" "Based at Stanford Hospital, _____ is home-based exercise program that uses elastic resistive bands to help both disabled and nondisabled older adults build strength and balance. Center for Science in the Public Interest Preventive Medicine Research Institute The Benson Henry Institute for Mind/Body Medicine Strong for Life - Correct answer Strong for Life" "The primary risk factors for ischemic stroke are similar to those for heart disease. Which of the following is not one of the lifestyle factors associated with cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)? cigarette smoking heavy alcohol use increased age sedentary lifestyle - Correct answer increased age" "Mrs. Gupta is active and in good health but wants to be even healthier by being sure to take 10,000 steps per day. What can she use to make sure she meets her goal? Pedometer Walker with attached basket Claw-footed cane A food diary - Correct answer Pedometer" "Older adults are in a precarious position nutritionally because they are more vulnerable to ________ than other age groups. obesity malnutrition caused by dental problems exercise-related injury obesity and malnutrition - Correct answer obesity and malnutrition" "The stages of change theory and social cognitive theories are the two most widely cited theories that relate to ________. self-empowerment self-actualization nutrition therapy health behavior change - Correct answer health behavior change" "