NSCI 175 Exam 1 Study Guide (2023) || All Questions & Answers (100% Verified)

NSCI 175 Exam 1 Study Guide (2023) || All Questions & Answers (100% Verified) NSCI 175 Exam 1 Study Guide (2023) || All Questions & Answers (100% Verified) Explain why progress in science is often slow - ANSWER - Science is an ongoing process of questioning, observing, and testing Explain the reductionist approach - ANSWER - Neuroscientists break down complex problems into smaller pieces for systematic experimental analysis Compare the levels of analysis: molecular, cellular, systems, behavioral, and cognitive neuroscience - ANSWER - Molecular Neuroscience: Brain matter consists of molecules and these different molecules play many different roles crucial for brain function. Focus on single proteins/molecules and its function. Cellular Neuroscience: Focus on studying how all these molecules work together to give neurons their special properties. "How many different types? How do they differ in function? How do they wire together?" Systems Neuroscience: Study how different neural circuits analyze sensory information, form perceptions (from external world), make decisions, and execute movements. Focus on distinct circuitry. Behavioral Neuroscience: Study on how these neural systems work together to produce integrated behavior. Drugs and regulation of mood and behavior; memory in different systems; systems and gender-specific behavior. Cognitive Neuroscience: Understanding neural mechanisms responsible for higher levels of human mental activity, such as self-awareness, imagination, and language. List and Describe the four essential steps in the scientific process, with examples - ANSWER - 1) Observation: Observe how bats navigate 3D space (because humans operate upright and bats fly) 2) Replication: Repeating the same experiment in different subjects/animals in the same lab 3) Interpretation: The data found by this work on bats put to rest the once popular theory that proposed a certain type of brain oscillation creates a grid-like neural map. This theory came from rat studies and this oscillation found in rats is absent in bats. 4) Verification: Needs to be verified by other scientists, a different research group (find these cells in other mammals or in bats) Discuss the importance of animal research in the field of neuroscience - ANSWER - Animal research is not just about testing drugs, it is about understanding basic biology. Many helpful (to humans) things have been created by animal research: Blood transfusions; Insulin; Asthma inhalers; Hip replacements; Vaccines; Antidepressants; etc Explain when animal research is needed - ANSWER - When there is not enough information to make a model of the animal. Or when ethics will not allow for the research to occur on humans.