PC 707 Module 2 Exam Questions & Answers Solved 100%

What are some factors that have contributed to antibiotic resistance? - Answer (1) increasing populations of immunocompromised patients (2) increase in the number and complexity of medical procedures (3) increased survival of patients with chronic diseases (4) overprescribing antibiiotics What are the leading risk factors for having a drug-resistant pathogen? - Answer (1) recent use of antibiotics (2) age younger than 2 and greater than 65 (3) day-care attendance (4) multiple medical comorbiitides (5) recent hospitalization (6) immunosuppression What are some examples of innapropriate usage of antibiotics? - Answer (1) viral infections (2) inadequate dosages (3) excessive duration of therapy (4) increased empirical use of broad spectrum antibiotics when not required (5) excessive duration of therapy What are the 4 steps in choosing an antimicrobial drug? - Answer (1) make clinical diagnosis (2) obtain cultures or other specimens (3) make microbial diagnosis (4) choose drug What is a report generated by each hospital that shows local activity and includes a list of drug names, organism group, whether it's gram -/+, and the percentage sensitive to a particular antibiotic? - Answer Antibiogram What is the antibiogram useful in preventing? - Answer Antibiotic resistance What is important education when a patient is taking sulfonamides? - Answer (1) drink 8-10 glasses of water (2) avoid prolonged sun exposure How does one diagnose BV? - Answer 3 or more of the following symptoms (1) homogenous, thin, white discharge that smoothly coats the vaginal walls (2) clue cells (3) pH of vaginal fluid >4.5 (4) a fishy odor of vaginal discharge bfore or after addition of 10%KOH What is the treatment for BV? - Answer (1) metronidazole 500 mg 2x a day for 7 days (2) metronidazole gell 0.75% intravaginally one a day for 5 days (3) clindamycin cream 2% intravaginally at bedtime for 7 days What is the first line treatment for a pregnant woman with BV? - Answer Metronidazole (safe in all trimesters) What should your patient avoid when taking metronidazole? - Answer Alcohol and alcohol containing products What is considered the safest medication administration for a breastfeeding mother with BV? - Answer Metrogel Is there a bacterial diagnostic for BV? - Answer no Why are mycobacterial infection (like TB) among the most difficult to cure? - Answer (1) grow slowly and are relatively resistant to drugs that are largely dependent on how rapidly cells are dividing (2) have a lipid rich cell wall relatively impermeable to many drugs (3) are usually intracellular and inaccessible to drugs that do not have a good intracellular penetration (4) have the ability to go into a dormant state (5) easily develop resistant to any single drug What is a ring of the chemical structure of certain antibiotics including penicillins, cephalosporings, and related compounds? - Answer Beta-lactam What is the MOA of beta-lactam antibiotics? - Answer Interfere with structural crosslinking of peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls What type of agents act against a single or limited group of microorganisms? - Answer Narrow spectrum What type of agents are affective against gram-positive organisms and a significant number of gram negative organisms? - Answer Extended spectrum What are agents that are effective against a wide variety of microbial species? - Answer Broad spectrum What means that the bacteria arrests the growth or inhibit replication but does not kill each microorganism; bacteriostatic drugs limit the spread of infection but depend upon the host immune system for eradication of the organism? - Answer Bacteriostatic What is a drug that kills the organism? - Answer Bactericidal In general infections above the belly button tend to be what? - Answer Gram + In general infection below the belly button tend to be what? - Answer Gram - What are some questions to consider when selecting antibiotic therapy? - Answer (1) infecting organism (2) sensitivity of the organism to antimicrobial agents (3) site of infection (4) status of host defenses (5) pharmacokinetics (6) status of host renal and liver function (7) clinical evaluation of agents effectiveness Kids who go to daycare are more likely to have what? - Answer Resistant microorganisms What are the steps in empiric therapy? - Answer (1) formulate a clinical diagnosis (2) obtain specimens for lab diagnosis (3) determine the need for empiric therapy (4) choose an antibiotic that is broad enough to cover most pathogens (5) safety of agent and cost of therapy When would you want to get a test of cure? - Answer Pregnant woman being treated for UTI What is the key trigger for C. Diff? - Answer Antibiotic administration What are some signs and symptoms of C. Diff? - Answer (1) watery diarrhea (2) bloody diarrhea (3) cramping (4) abdominal pain (5) anorexia (6) malaise What should you always ask a patient who presents with diarrhea? - Answer If they have had antibiotics in the last 3 months or if they have recently been hospitalized What 4 antibiotics are most likely to cause C. diff? - Answer (1) imipenem (2) ceftazidime (3) clindamycin (4) moxifloxacin What is the different in diarrhea as a side effect of antibiotic administration and C. diff? - Answer C. Diff will have blood and mucous in stools What is the treatment for C. Diff? - Answer Metronidazole 500 mg TID What is the treatment for severe C. Diff? - Answer Oral vancomycin What is the problem with giving a patient Dificid (fidaxomicin) for C. Diff? - Answer Cost prohibitive What should be given with antibiotics to reduce occurrence of C. Diff? - Answer Probiotics (S. boulardii or lactobacillus) How do antivirals work? - Answer Blocking entry into human cells What does acyclovir work against? - Answer (1) HSV1 (2) HSV2 (3) varicella zoster (4) EBV (5) CMV (6) HSV6 What does acyclovir get converted to? - Answer Acyclovir