PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-NUR 2063 RASMUSSEN STUDY EXAM

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-NUR 2063 RASMUSSEN STUDY EXAM Physiology reactions in the body during "fight or flight" response? - CORRECT ANSWER-Increased heart rate Ventilation - CORRECT ANSWER-The transport of air from the atmosphere to the lungs and out again. Edema - CORRECT ANSWER-Caused by decreased plasma protein Clinical Manifestation of Hyperthyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-Tachycardia What electrolytes are higher in ICF (Intracellular Fluid) - CORRECT ANSWER-Potassium , Magnesium, Phosphates and Proteins Steps of Laceration Correction - CORRECT ANSWER-Homeostasis, Vasospasm (blood vessels narrow to decrease blood flow & increase BP), Platelet Plug Formation (activation, aggression, and adherence of platelets into a plug that serves as a barrier against blow flowing out of the vessels). Coagulation (clotting, changes blood to gel. Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER-A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the vermiform appendix, obstruction arises inside of the appendix clinical manifestations of Appendicitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Pain near umbilcus that moves to LRQ= McBurney that increases 12-24 hours. Aggravated by movement Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - CORRECT ANSWER-Erosive lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum. Clinical Manifestations of Peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Adymptomatic, epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, N/V, fatigue, unexplained weight loss. Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) - CORRECT ANSWER-Life threatening condition resulting from COPD, Asthma, ARDS, ALS, Alcohol/drug overdose, spinal cord injury. Clinical Manifestations of Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) - CORRECT ANSWER-Shallow respirations, headaches, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, lethargy, confusion, oxygen levels drop below 50 and carbon dioxide become high above 50. pulmonary embolism (PE) - CORRECT ANSWER-Emboli=originate in venous circulation, travels to the right side of heart the to pulmonary circulation creating a pulmonary embolism. Cystitis - CORRECT ANSWER-inflammation of the bladder Pylonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER-infection of the kidneys PTH (parathyroid hormone) - CORRECT ANSWER-Is secreted when calcium levels DROP Calcitonin - CORRECT ANSWER-Is secreted when calcium levels are HIGH Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Stages - CORRECT ANSWER-Prerenal, Intrarenal, Postrenal = sudden loss of renal function over a period of days to weeks) Prerenal - CORRECT ANSWER-Disrupt blood flow on it's way to the kidneys Intrarenal - CORRECT ANSWER-direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply Postrenal - CORRECT ANSWER-Interferes with the urine excretion acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Main. - CORRECT ANSWER-Dyspnea, labored breathing, abnormal lung sounds, cough/frothy, hypoxia, cyanosis, fever hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, anxiety Left side heart failure clinical Manifestations - CORRECT ANSWER-Pulmonary fluid accumulation, dyspnea, activity intolerance Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Neuro inflammatory disease that involves an abnormal/ immune mediated process directed gains the CNS = progressive & irreversible demyelination of brain, spinal cord & cranial nerve neurons. Inflammatory damage occurs in diffuse patches through the nervous system and slows or stops nerve impulses. Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Movement of water or another solvent across the cellular membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. acromegaly - CORRECT ANSWER-Increased bone size caused by excessive GH levels in adulthood (caused by hyperpituarism) Giantism - CORRECT ANSWER-Tall stature caused by excessive GH levels prior to puberty (childhood) (caused by hyperpituarism) Dwarfism - CORRECT ANSWER-Dificent levels of GH somatotropin or soma tropic releasing hormones, resulting in short stature. (Hypopituitarsm) clinical manifestations of asthma - CORRECT ANSWER-wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness, shortness of breathe, prolonged expirations phase, tachypnea, hypoxia, anxiety causes of atherosclerosis - CORRECT ANSWER-Endothelial injury to vessel walls due to smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, elevated c-reactive proteins levels, elevated homocysteine levels, autoimmune processes and some infections. Backwards effects of right-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood backs up in the right atrium, then in the peripheral circulation, causes increased peripheral pressures in capillary bed. Emphysema - CORRECT ANSWER-Causes barrel chest b/c the anterior -posterior thoracic diameter from 1:2 to 1:1. Clinical Manifestations: myocardial infarction - CORRECT ANSWER-Asymptomatic, unstable angina, fatigue, nausea & vomiting, SOB, coughing diaphoresis, indigestion, elevation in cardiac bio markers, EKG changes, Dysrhythmias, anxiety, syncope, dizziness, sleep disturbance. Clinical Manifestations of hyperthyroidism - CORRECT ANSWER-Exophhthalmos (blugging eyes), sudden weight loss, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hypertension, increased appetite, nervousness, anxiety, difficult concentrating, tumor, diaphoresis, abnormal uterine bleeding, sensitivity to heat, diarrhea, goiter, difficulty sleeping Complications of compartment syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-Permanent tissue damage rheumatoid arthritis - CORRECT ANSWER-A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities. Causes chronic synoritis causes of contact dermatitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Direct exposure to an irritant/ allergen - producing substance (soaps, body fluids, chemicals) Allergen (metal, chemicals, adhesives, cosmetics & plants) Characteristics of coronary artery disease (CAD) - CORRECT ANSWER-Angina (jaw, neck, arm, back) indigestion- like sensation nausea and vomiting, cool clammy extremities, diaphoresis, dyspnea, fatigue weakness, sleep disturbances Cushing's syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER-a condition caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol Glucocorticoids (round full red face=moon face), buffalo hump, muscle weakness/wasting. Goal for treating anemia - CORRECT ANSWER-Increased erythropoiesis to increased production, vasodilation, tachycardia to increase blood floe, increased respiratory rate to increase oxygen saturation