NUR 2063 / NUR2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 REVIEW STUDY SET

NUR 2063 / NUR2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 REVIEW STUDY SET Cryptorchidism Complications - CORRECT ANSWER-Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility. Amenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER-Absence of menstruation Amenorrhea Causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Hormonal disturbances Stress Neoplasms (ovarian, adrenal, pituitary tumors) Complications of Dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER-Cardiovascular disease Hypervolemia Depression Prostatitis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of the prostate. Most common association is E. coli. Prostatitis S/S - CORRECT ANSWER-Fever Chills Tender prostate Low back pain Dysuria Leukocytosis Renal Calculus Cause - CORRECT ANSWER-Urine becomes supersaturated with specific solute that forms crystals. Crystallization is enhanced when a person is dehydrated or has higher than normal levels of solute in the urine from excessive secretion (calcium, uric acid). Renal Calculus S/S - CORRECT ANSWER-Dull, localized flank pain Acute discomfort accompanied by nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), tachycardia, and tachypnea (abnormal, rapid breathing) Renal colic (intermittent, sharp pain) develops as the stone moves to the ureteropelvic junction Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy S/S - CORRECT ANSWER-Urinary retention Obstruction to flow Decreased stream Hesitancy; difficulty initiating a stream Interruption of the stream Infection caused by retention .Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWER-"salt-retaining hormone". Steroid that promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressur Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWER-Promotes retention of water by kidneys and increases blood pressure. Chronic Renal Failure Risk Factors - CORRECT ANSWER-Diabetes Hypertension Recurrent pyelonephritis Acute tubular necrosis Glomerulonephritis Polycystic kidney disease Family history of CKD Smoking Age over 65 Ethnicity Chronic Renal Failure Causes - CORRECT ANSWER-The outcome of the progressive and irrevocable loss of nephrons. More than 75% of the total number of nephrons must be lost before clinical manifestations appear. .Cystitis Causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection. Cystitis Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER-E. coli adheres to bladder epithelium, colonizes, and invades host cells. Cystitis S/S - CORRECT ANSWER-Acute onset of frequency, urgency, and dysuria; pain may be present in the suprapubic area. The urine may appear pink because of hematuria or cloudy as a result of the infectious organism. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) - CORRECT ANSWER-Highly communicable STI that infects epithelial cells and proliferates into pruritic, painful lesions. Leading cause of cervical cancer. Oral Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Presents at the base of the mouth or border of the tongue. Hiatal Hernia - CORRECT ANSWER-Defect in diaphragm allowing a portion of the stomach to pass through the diaphragmatic opening into the thorax. Causes of Hiatal Hernia - CORRECT ANSWER-Aging Chronic straining Coughing Obesity Pregnancy Ascites (accumulation of protein-containing fluid within the abdomen) Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of the stomach lining S/S of Gastritis - CORRECT ANSWER-Postprandial discomfort Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Hematemesis (vomiting blood) Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-A break or ulceration in the protective mucosa lining of the lower esophagus (LES), stomach, or duodenum. Causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-H. pylori NSAIDs S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease - CORRECT ANSWER-Burning pain on empty stomach Eating relieves pain Life-threatening complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning. Metrorrhagia - CORRECT ANSWER-Bleeding between menstrual periods Metrorrhagia Causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Bleeding from endometrium during ovulation Uterine malignancy Cervical erosions Endometrial polyps Estrogen therapy Hypomenorrhea - CORRECT ANSWER-Deficient amount of menstrual flow; reduced flow .Hypomenorrhea Causes - CORRECT ANSWER-Endocrine or systemic disorders interfering with hormones Partial obstruction of menstrual flow