Empirical Methods Summary
Week 1 – Lecture 1
Central Scheme:
We assume that people watch the play, listen to the music à and it has an impact
Do people talk about art (their visit to the museum for example) with other people?
No à Not much happened
What is government?
- Making collectively binding decisions
- Many forms and shapes
o Parliamentary democracy – Republic, Monarchy
o Autocratic regimes
o Theocratic regimes
o Freedom of speech / Ownership rights
- Local – Regional – National – International
- (Neo)Liberal – Social-Democratic – Communist
What is public policy?
- Planned effort in time
- Goal oriented (though they can be vague or implicit)
o If they are vague it is easier to agree on something
- Instruments (certain things to achieve the goal)
- Not doing anything is policy too!
à Formal policies: Written down (UK, NL, North Europe)
à Informal policies: Not written down, you have to reduce them from what people actually
do (Germany, Italy, South Europe)
Implicit Policies: Several branches of municipality active
- Culture, economics, spatial planning, environmental dept, police à permits
(vergunningen)
1
,Cultural Policy is ‘cultural’:
- It is a discursive practice
o Assigning meaning to art and culture in society
o Discourse between people, institutions and systems
§ We try to understand what meaning these policy documents assign to
art/culture
o From a perspective of public authorities
o To be studied through cultural means: form, meanings
(Product of the interactions of people/Version of the conversations between them)
Policy Traditions (Mulcahy):
- Cultural States
o Hegemonic claim
o Role state self-evident
o Government support for the arts
o Protect national art and culture (national identity and pride)
à France: Significant government investment in the arts and culture sectors
- Protectionist
o Threat
o Minority cultures
o Restrict international trade to help domestic industries
o Protect domestic arts
à US: Has employed protectionist policies to safeguard domestic industries
à Canada
2
, - Social-Democratic
o Right to culture
o Strong emphasis on access
o National/local collaboration
o Social welfare
o Social equality
à Significant funding to the arts and cultural sectors
à Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands
- Laissez-Faire
o No role for state
o Arts council = outside government
o Support civil society
o Market forces and private funding
à US: Private fundings
Ideal Types / Archetypes
- Mental construct derived from observable reality
- Not representation of ‘real’ reality, nor average
- Simplification / Exaggeration
- Construct ideal used to approximate reality by selecting and accentuating certain
elements
Policy Organization (Hillman-Chartrand & McCaughey)
- Patron State
o Arts Council
o Decisions outside government
- Architect state
o Ministerial Model
o Direct funding
o Policy advice
o Government = Pro-active role in designing and shaping society
- Engineer State
o Self-operating
o Political Goals
o Problem-solving and efficient management
- Facilitator State
o Tax exceptions
o Essentially market driven
à If a state as an architect model it does not necessarily mean social-democratic state
à If it is a social-democratic state it is likely that it has an architect model
3
, Common Trends in Policy Orientations:
- Democratization of culture
- Cultural democracy
- Instrumentalization
o Economic impact
o Social impact
- Rationalization
o New Public Management
o Re-trenching governments
- Creative Economy
- Populism/Nativism
4
Week 1 – Lecture 1
Central Scheme:
We assume that people watch the play, listen to the music à and it has an impact
Do people talk about art (their visit to the museum for example) with other people?
No à Not much happened
What is government?
- Making collectively binding decisions
- Many forms and shapes
o Parliamentary democracy – Republic, Monarchy
o Autocratic regimes
o Theocratic regimes
o Freedom of speech / Ownership rights
- Local – Regional – National – International
- (Neo)Liberal – Social-Democratic – Communist
What is public policy?
- Planned effort in time
- Goal oriented (though they can be vague or implicit)
o If they are vague it is easier to agree on something
- Instruments (certain things to achieve the goal)
- Not doing anything is policy too!
à Formal policies: Written down (UK, NL, North Europe)
à Informal policies: Not written down, you have to reduce them from what people actually
do (Germany, Italy, South Europe)
Implicit Policies: Several branches of municipality active
- Culture, economics, spatial planning, environmental dept, police à permits
(vergunningen)
1
,Cultural Policy is ‘cultural’:
- It is a discursive practice
o Assigning meaning to art and culture in society
o Discourse between people, institutions and systems
§ We try to understand what meaning these policy documents assign to
art/culture
o From a perspective of public authorities
o To be studied through cultural means: form, meanings
(Product of the interactions of people/Version of the conversations between them)
Policy Traditions (Mulcahy):
- Cultural States
o Hegemonic claim
o Role state self-evident
o Government support for the arts
o Protect national art and culture (national identity and pride)
à France: Significant government investment in the arts and culture sectors
- Protectionist
o Threat
o Minority cultures
o Restrict international trade to help domestic industries
o Protect domestic arts
à US: Has employed protectionist policies to safeguard domestic industries
à Canada
2
, - Social-Democratic
o Right to culture
o Strong emphasis on access
o National/local collaboration
o Social welfare
o Social equality
à Significant funding to the arts and cultural sectors
à Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands
- Laissez-Faire
o No role for state
o Arts council = outside government
o Support civil society
o Market forces and private funding
à US: Private fundings
Ideal Types / Archetypes
- Mental construct derived from observable reality
- Not representation of ‘real’ reality, nor average
- Simplification / Exaggeration
- Construct ideal used to approximate reality by selecting and accentuating certain
elements
Policy Organization (Hillman-Chartrand & McCaughey)
- Patron State
o Arts Council
o Decisions outside government
- Architect state
o Ministerial Model
o Direct funding
o Policy advice
o Government = Pro-active role in designing and shaping society
- Engineer State
o Self-operating
o Political Goals
o Problem-solving and efficient management
- Facilitator State
o Tax exceptions
o Essentially market driven
à If a state as an architect model it does not necessarily mean social-democratic state
à If it is a social-democratic state it is likely that it has an architect model
3
, Common Trends in Policy Orientations:
- Democratization of culture
- Cultural democracy
- Instrumentalization
o Economic impact
o Social impact
- Rationalization
o New Public Management
o Re-trenching governments
- Creative Economy
- Populism/Nativism
4
