NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023.

NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023. Introduction in Psychiatric Nursing Basic Brain Anatomy- what do the different part of brain control? Hypothalamus? Neurons/ synapse- pg. 51 Hypothalamus: Regulates temperature, blood pressure, perspiration, libido, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms, such as sleep and wakefulness. Hypothalamic neurohormones, often called releasing hormones, direct the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. Neurons: The brain is composed of a vast network of more than 100 billion interconnected nerve cells (neurons) and the supporting cells that surround these neurons. An essential feature of neurons is their ability to initiate signals and conduct an electrical impulse from one end of the cell to the other called neurotransmission. Synapse: This transmitter then diffuses across a narrow space, or synapse, to an adjacent postsynaptic neuron, where it attaches to specialized receptors on the cell surface and either inhibits or excites the postsynaptic neuron. Understand milieu therapy- can you describe it in a clinical setting? Milieu therapy: group therapy with similar illnesses involved. Promotes productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility. Uses total environment to treat. Enforces boundaries. Inpatient rehab. Describe the difference between mental health and mental illness Mental Health: A successful performance of mental functions, resulting in the ability to engage in productive activities, enjoy fulfilling relationships, and adapt to change and cope with adversity. Mental Illness: Are medical conditions that affect a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others, and daily functioning. Basically, mental illness can be seen as the result of a chain of events that include flawed biological, psychological, social, and cultural processes. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (pg 31) NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 •Physiological needs. The most basic needs are the physiological drives, including the need for food, oxygen, water, sleep, sex, and a constant body temperature. If all the needs were deprived, this level would take priority. •Safety needs. Once physiological needs are met, the safety needs emerge. They include security, protection, freedom from fear/anxiety/chaos, and the need for law, order, and limits. •Belongingness and love needs . People have a need for an intimate relationship, love, affection, and belonging and will seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. Maslow stresses the importance of having a family and a home and being part of identifiable groups. •Esteem needs. People need to have a high self-regard and have it reflected to them from others. If self-esteem needs are met, we feel confident, valued, and valuable. When self-esteem is compromised, we feel inferior, worthless, and helpless. •Self-actualization. We are preset to strive to be everything that we are capable of becoming. Maslow said, “What a man can be, he must be.” What NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 we are capable of becoming is highly individual—an artist must paint, a writer must write, and a healer must heal. The drive to satisfy this need is felt as a sort of restlessness, a sense that something is missing. It is up to each person to choose a path that will result in inner peace and fulfillment. Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations: emphasized that the nature of the nurse to patient relationship strongly influenced the outcome for the patient. Freud- what did he contribute to psychiatric setting? Sigmund Freud (1856 to 1939), an Austrian neurologist, is considered the “father of psychiatry.” His work was based on psychoanalytic theory, in which Freud claims that most psychological disturbances are the result of early trauma or incidents that are often not remembered or recognized. Freud (1961) identified three layers of mental activity: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious mind. One of Freud's later and widely known constructs concerns the intrapsychic struggle that occurs within the brain among the id, the ego, and the superego. Review table 3-2 (pg 28) TABLE 3-2 DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY ACCORDING TO FREUD, SULLIVAN, AND ERIKSON∗ FREUD SULLIVAN ERIKSON Oral—birth to 1½ years Infancy—birth to 1½ years Mothering object relieves tension Infancy—birth to 1½ years NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 FREUD SULLIVAN ERIKSON Pleasure-pain principle Id, the instinctive and primitive mind, is dominant Demanding, impulsive, irrational, asocial, selfish, trustful, omnipotent, and dependent Primary thought processes Unconscious instincts—source-energyaim-object Mouth—primary source of pleasure Immediate release of tension/anxiety and immediate gratification through oral gratification Task—develop a sense of trust that needs will be met through empathic intervention and tenderness, leading to decreased anxiety and increased satisfaction and security; mother becomes symbolized “good mother” Goal is biological satisfaction and psychological security Denial of tension relief creates anxiety, and mother becomes symbolized as “bad mother” Anxiety in mother yields anxiety and fear in child via empathy These states are experienced by the child in diffuse-undifferentiated manner Task—learn to count on others for satisfaction and security to trust Trust vs. mistrust Egocentric Danger—during second half of first year, an abrupt and prolonged separation may intensify the natural sense of loss and may lead to a sense of mistrust that may last throughout life Task—develop a basic sense of trust that leads to hopeTrust requires a feeling of physical comfort and a minimal experience of fear or uncertainty; if this occurs, the child will extend trust to the world and self Anal—1½ to 3 years Childhood—1½ to 6 years Early childhood—1½ to 3 years Autonomy vs. shame/doubt Develop confidence in physical and mental abilities that leads to the development of an autonomous will Danger—development of a deep sense of shame/doubt if child is deprived of the opportunity to rebel; learns to expect defeat in any battle of wills with those who are bigger and stronger Task—gain self-control of and independence within the environment Reality principle—postpone immediate discharge of energy and seek actual object to satisfy needs Muscular maturation and learning to communicate verbally Learning to defer pleasure Learning social skills through consensual validation Gaining satisfaction from tolerating some tension-mastering impulses Beginning to develop self-esteem via reflected appraisals: Focus on toilet training—retaining/letting go; power struggle Good me Bad me Ego development—functions of the ego include problem-solving skills, perception, ability to mediate id impulses Not me Task—delay immediate gratification Levels of awareness Awareness NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 FREUD SULLIVAN ERIKSON Selective inattention Dissociation Task—learn to delay satisfaction of wishes with relative comfort Phallic—3 to 7 years Superego develops via incorporating moral values, ideals, and judgments of right and wrong that are held by parents; superego is primarily unconscious and functions on the reward and punishment principle (sexual identity attained via resolving oedipal conflict) Conflict differs for boy and girl masturbatory activity Task—develop sexual identity through identification with same-sex parent Play—3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt Interest in socially appropriate goals leads to a sense of purpose Imagination is greatly expanded because of increased ability to move around freely and increased ability to communicate Intrusive activity and curiosity and consuming fantasies, which lead to feelings of guilt and anxiety Establishment of conscience Danger—may develop a deep-seated conviction that he or she is essentially bad, with a resultant stifling of initiative or a conversion of moralism to vindictiveness Task—achieve a sense of purpose and develop a sense of mastery over tasks Latency—7 to 12 years De-sexualization; libido diffused Involved in learning social skills, exploring, building, collecting, accomplishing, and hero worship Juvenile—6 to 9 years Absorbed in learning to deal with ever-widening outside world, peers, and other adults Reflections and revisions of selfSchool age—6 to 12 years Industry vs. inferiority Develops a healthy competitive drive that leads to confidence In learning to accept instruction and NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 FREUD SULLIVAN ERIKSON Peer group loyalty begins Gang and scout behavior Growing independence from family Task—sexuality is repressed during this time; learn to form close relationship(s) with same-sex peers image and parental images Task—develop satisfying interpersonal relationships with peers that involve competition and compromise Preadolescence—9 to 12 years Develops intimate interpersonal relationship with person of same sex who is perceived to be much like oneself in interests, feelings, and mutual collaboration Task—learn to care for others of same sex who are outside the family; Sullivan called this the “normal homosexual phase” to win recognition by producing “things,” the child opens the way for the capacity of work enjoyment Danger—the development of a sense of inadequacy and inferiority in a child who does not receive recognition Task—gain a sense of selfconfidence and recognition through learning, competing, and performing successfully Genital phase (adolescence)—13 to 20 years Fluctuation regarding emotion stability and physical maturation Very ambivalent and labile, seeking life goals and emancipation from parents Dependence vs. independence Reappraisal of parents and self; intense peer loyalty Task—form close relationships with members of the opposite sex based on genuine caring and pleasure in the interaction Adolescence—12 to 20 years Early adolescence—12 to 14 years Establishing satisfying relationships with opposite sex Late adolescence—14 to 20 years Interdependent and establishing durable sexual relations with a select member of the opposite sex Task—form intimate and longlasting relationships with the opposite sex and develop a sense of identity Adolescence—12 to 20 years Identity vs. role confusion Diffusion Differentiation from parents leads to fidelity (sense of self) Physiological revolution that accompanies puberty (rapid body growth and sexual maturity) forces the young person to question beliefs and to refight many of the earlier battles Danger—temporary identity diffusion (instability) may result in a permanent inability to integrate a personal identity Task—integrate all the tasks previously mastered into a secure sense of self NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 FREUD SULLIVAN ERIKSON Young adulthood—20 to 30 years Intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation Maturity and social responsibility results in the ability to love and be loved As people feel more secure in their identity, they are able to establish intimacy with themselves (their inner life) and with others, eventually in a love-based satisfying sexual relationship with a member of the opposite sex Danger—fear of losing identity may prevent intimate relationship and result in a deep sense of isolation Task—form intense long-term relationships and commit to another person, cause, institution, or creative effort Adulthood—30 to 65 years Generativity vs. self-absorption Interest in nurturing subsequent generations creates a sense of caring, contributing, and generativity Danger—lack of generativity results in self-absorption and stagnation Task—achieve life goals and obtain concern and awareness of future generations Senescence—65 years to death Integrity vs. despair Acceptance of mortality and NUR 2488 Mental Health Nursing Final Exam Latest Examination Study Guide 2023 FREUD SULLIVAN ERIKSON satisfaction with life leads to wisdom Satisfying intimacy with other human beings and adaptive response to triumphs and disappointments Marked by a sense of what life is, was, and its place in the flow of history Danger—without this “accrued ego integration,” there is despair, usually marked by a display of displeasure and distrust Task—derive meaning from one's whole life and obtain/maintain a sense of self-worth Therapeutic Communication .