Bioethics Midterm: Fill in the Blank Questions With Complete Solutions

Before the late 1960s medical ethics was primarily the concern of ______________ ethicists. Others were not interested. correct answer: Roman Catholic ______________ was a founder of Royal College (first to determine who could practice medicine). correct answer: Thomas Linacre Protestant Ethics: 1955 _______________ 1970 ________________ "Patient as a Person". correct answer: Joseph Fletcher, Paul Ramsey Philosophers focused on ________________ and _________________. correct answer: human experience, testimony 1974, Congress established a ___________________ for the Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research correct answer: National Commission 1977, ____________________ to the Secretary of HEW. correct answer: Ethics Advisory Board 1980, _____________________ for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine in Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Further discussion on the definition of death. correct answer: President's Commission 1996, ______________ established the _________________. Questions about Dolly and human embryonic stem cells. correct answer: President Clinton, National Bioethics Advisory Commission 2001, __________________ established the __________________ on Bioethics, headed by Professor Leon Kass. Cloning. correct answer: President Bush, President's Council 2009, _________________ established Presidential Committee for the Study of Bioethics. Earlier, he changed the Bush administration's position on stem cell research. correct answer: President Obama Many controversial cases in bioethics have been settled through the ____________ or through _______________. correct answer: judiciary, state legislatures ________________ medical schools would have courses in ethics, but was not popularized until recently. correct answer: Roman Catholic Issues with consent: ____________ and _____________. correct answer: infants, prisoners _____________________: patients (poor, illiterate black men) suffering from syphilis, some given treatment and some given placebo, (when penicillin was found as cure, never given to patients) correct answer: Tuskegee Experiment 1980- _____________. Definition of death- an individual who has sustained either irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain (including brain stem). Very difficult to get a consensus in our society, Commission was very smart to do this and include a broad definition. correct answer: President Reagan Bush opposed ______________ research because it destroyed a human life. Couldn't kill a human being for research purposes. correct answer: stem cell Kass in 2002 - pros and cons for __________ to reproduce children, deemed unsafe, cloning to experiment for medical issues, majority said 4 year moratorium. correct answer: cloning Starting in 2009, alright to use ___________ left over from in vitro for research. correct answer: embryos _________________ (1973). 2nd Trimester- law to ensure safety of mother. 3rd Trimester- interfere to protect fetus. Always had to allow abortion for life/health of mother. correct answer: Roe v. Wade _____________________- parents fought for right to die because of persistent vegetative state, hospital feared being sued. (forgoing life support) correct answer: Karen Ann Quinlain ___________________- sufficient evidence that he would not have desired extraneous life-support with no hope of recovery, opposed by parents. Competent person can decide, clear and convincing evidence that patient wished to forgo life-support. If nothing is written, no one can win unless figured out in court with evidence. correct answer: Terry Schiavo ________________: physician PROVIDES medicine for patient to commit suicide. Oregon: terminal, 6 months to live, 2 doctors have to agree. correct answer: legal assisted suicide _____________________: flood of journals, books, and institutions dealing with bioethics. An entirely new discipline has come into existence. 1970 Hastings Journal. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Bibliography of Bioethics. Courses taught in variety of venues. correct answer: result of growth in bioethics field ___________________: Distinguishing sterility (biologically cannot) and impotence (unable to have sex/don't want to). correct answer: Catholic canon law __________________: Question arose in seventeenth century. Need baptism to be saved, but what about miscarriage. correct answer: baptism in the womb By the end of the nineteenth century, a discipline called "_____________" had emerged, "________________" was the name given to the discipline as twentieth century developed correct answer: pastoral medicine, medical ethics Other than the Roman Catholics, why weren't any others interested early on? Basically there were not many questions. ______________ and _____________ were the same. correct answer: good medicine, good morality Why the interest today? The criterion of the _______________ no longer held. correct answer: good of the patient Why the interest today? _______________ and ______________ brought about possible conflict of interest. correct answer: research, experimentation Why the interest today? Tremendous technological developments. 1. Withdrawing treatment such as ___________________. correct answer: naso-gastric tube Why the interest today? Tremendous technological developments. 2. _______________. correct answer: signs of death Why the interest today? Tremendous technological developments. 3. ___________, ___________, _______________, etc. correct answer: test-tube babies, cloning, artificial reproduction Different Approaches to Bioethics: 1. ______________ (doctor, nurse, researcher, patient, public policy, legal, ethical). correct answer: different perspectives Different Approaches to Bioethics: 2. ________________ (quandary ethics, character or virtue ethics, deeper questions of meaning, broader societal). correct answer: different focuses Different Approaches to Bioethics: 3. __________________ (philosophical vs theological). correct answer: different sources 3 points in this course: ____________________, __________________, ________________. correct answer: different methodological approaches, discussion of particular issues, significant perspectives and understandings Importance and Limitation: __________________: Christians are called to be good people and to do right acts in society. Both the subject and object are important. Consequently, will consider right thing to do. correct answer: importance Importance and Limitation: ____________________: Christian ethics is very complex both with regard to methodology and content. Methodological differences (only natural, any academic difference will have differences). Issue differences (so complex, and so circumstantial). correct answer: limitation ___________________: a. Title of the article on "Thorn-in-the-Flesh Decision Making." b. Emphasis on the word biblical and Bible c. Note the heavy use of Scripture throughout d. Start with God and God's revelation e. Strong critique of sinful autonomy and those who start with their own values correct answer: The Bible is Primary Evangelical Conservative: Sources of Moral Wisdom - 1. _________ is primary correct answer: Bible Evangelical Conservative: Sources of Moral Wisdom - 2. "______________ Decision Making" correct answer: Thorn-in-the-Flesh Evangelical Conservative: Sources of Moral Wisdom - 3. emphasis on words ___________ and ___________. correct answer: biblical, Bible Evangelical Conservative: Sources of Moral Wisdom - 4. heavy use of ___________. correct answer: scripture Evangelical Conservative: Sources of Moral Wisdom - 5. __________________: Bible reminds us we are not completely autonomous. correct answer: God and God's revelation Evangelical Conservative: Sources of Moral Wisdom - 6. Strong critique of _____________________ and those who start with their own values. correct answer: sinful autonomy Evangelical Conservative: Autonomy - _____________: we stand before God. Listen to God, "a posture of obedience to God's will is foundational to moral well-being" correct answer: Coram Deo Evangelical Conservative: Autonomy - _____________: Christian does not passively obey, but is a "God Imager" correct answer: Ivan Illich Evangelical Conservative: Autonomy - ____________: opposes autonomy, says we depend on God, people are not own lawmakers/cannot make own rules for living correct answer: Mouw Evangelical Conservative: Autonomy - Christians cannot totally trust _____________________ because we are sinful human beings who deceive ourselves. We live in the midst of a "fallen human nature" correct answer: human moral deliberation Evangelical Conservative: Fundamentalism - ECs and Mouw are not ______________. correct answer: fundamentalists Evangelical Conservative: Fundamentalism - _____________ is historically and culturally conditioned (there are metaphors) correct answer: scripture Evangelical Conservative: Fundamentalism - there are different ______________. Interpretation is necessary, not easy to understand. correct answer: perspectives Evangelical Conservative: Bible is not enough - 1. Need for knowledge of all _______________. correct answer: disciplines Evangelical Conservative: Bible is not enough - 2. Mouw holds to ________________, but interprets it to mean that other sources are important, while the Bible remains the authoritative source against which all others are tested. The Bible is trump. correct answer: sola scriptura Evangelical Conservative: Sola Scriptura - 1. says that it means that other sources should be considered but _________ remains authoritative source. correct answer: Bible Evangelical Conservative: Sola Scriptura - 2. if other sources go against Bible, they're __________. correct answer: wrong Evangelical Conservative: Sola Scriptura - 3. _________ is final word. correct answer: Bible Three Models for Ethics: _______________, _______________, _____________. correct answer: teleological, deontological, relationality-responsibility __________________: telos = end/goal; what means to what end correct answer: teleological __________________: duty, obligation, intrinsic value or right/wrong correct answer: deontological ______________________: well illustrated by vocation, responding to God's call to serve myself AND my neighbor ex. vocation (what is God calling me to do, helping others), difference between vocation and career-individualistic), responsibility to relationships with others correct answer: relationality-responsibility Evangelical Conservative - Divine Command: 1. ________________. correct answer: deontological Evangelical Conservative - Divine Command: 2. _____________ feeling to carry out God's command correct answer: intrinsic Evangelical Conservative - Opposition: 1. _________________: to be controlled by outside force is against human maturity correct answer: heteronomy Evangelical Conservative - Opposition: 2. Hard to speak of _______________ in the midst of diversity and differences: times when "duties" conflict, situational factors. correct answer: absolute laws Evangelical Conservative - Opposition: 3. ____________ is historically/culturally conditioned: scripture makes sense in the time/culture it was written, doesn't always apply well modernly because subject to time period in which written correct answer: scripture Mouw's Responses to Criticism: 1. Christian ethics is not _____________ in a bad sense - trust in what God says correct answer: heteronomous Mouw's Responses to Criticism: 2. ____________ - God's law, what God tells to do. correct answer: theonomy Mouw's Responses to Criticism: 3. God's commands are not absolute, but ______________ (accepted as correct until proven otherwise). correct answer: prima facie Mouw's Responses to Criticism: 4. Mouw recognizes that Scriptures are historically and culturally conditioned, noting that decision making is "_________". It is not simple correct answer: thorny Curran's Response to Evangelical Conservatism: 1. Recognizes the existence of four different sources as found in the _____________________. correct answer: Wesleyan Quadrilateral Curran's Response to Evangelical Conservatism: 2. The __________ is not all good news. correct answer: Bible Curran's Response to Evangelical Conservatism: 3. The ______________ should not be primary. correct answer: Law Model Curran's Response to Evangelical Conservatism: 4. _______________, _____________, and _______________ correct answer: autonomy, heteronomy, theonomy Curran's Response to Evangelical Conservatism: 5. _____________ is critical of our own existence and practices today. Need to be critical of one's own perspective and approach. correct answer: scripture Epistemological Concerns (how do we know?): 1. ___________ - the generally accepted Western view of this is the objective, neutral, value-free person. correct answer: ideal knower Epistemological Concerns (how do we know?): 2. _______________ perspective claims there is no such thing as the neutral, value-free, objective knower. The great danger has been that those who have the power have used it to influence society. correct answer: feminist liberation Epistemological Concerns (how do we know?): 3. ______________ says that power is in the hands of the wealthy and influential. Unlike the Western idea, science itself is not neutral and value-free. What then is the solution to the epistemological approach? correct answer: liberation theology Epistemological Concerns (how do we know?): 4. ________________. The problem here is patriarchy. Power has been in the hands of males who have ultimately subordinated women. correct answer: feminist theology