SAMENVATTING NONPROFIT
MANAGEMENT
Inhoud
Inleiding en plaatsbepaling.......................................................................................................................................5
Definitie van de social profit sector.......................................................................................................................5
Wettelijke definitie............................................................................................................................................5
Functionele definitie..........................................................................................................................................6
Economische definitie.......................................................................................................................................6
Structureel-operationele definitie.....................................................................................................................7
Welke definitie is de beste?...............................................................................................................................8
Een maatschappij model...................................................................................................................................8
Social profit in Vlaanderen....................................................................................................................................9
CSI Flanders (2016-2019)...................................................................................................................................9
Voorbij non-profitorganisaties: herconceptualisering van de derde sector.......................................................11
Conceptuele diversiteit...................................................................................................................................11
Internationale diversiteit.................................................................................................................................11
Belang definiëren............................................................................................................................................13
Artikel Salamon & Sokolowsk: meer voluntaristische benadering......................................................................14
Hoe kunnen we de grote lijnen toepassen in de praktijk?..................................................................................15
Samenvattend......................................................................................................................................................15
Ontstaanstheorieën.................................................................................................................................................16
Waarom zijn er nonprofits (nodig)?....................................................................................................................16
Waarom kan de markt niet alles doen?..............................................................................................................16
Waarom kan de overheid het niet doen?...........................................................................................................16
Kan het middenveld het dan (allemaal) doen?...................................................................................................16
Wanneer markt/overheid/middenveld?.............................................................................................................17
Public goods theory (vraagzijde).....................................................................................................................17
Trust theorie (vraagzijde)................................................................................................................................18
Entrepeneurship theorie (aanbodzijde)..........................................................................................................19
Stakeholder theorie (aanbodzijde)..................................................................................................................19
Interdependency theorie (zie artikel Salamon en Toepler).............................................................................19
Social origins theorie.......................................................................................................................................21
Een (terugblik) op België.....................................................................................................................................22
België als een corporatistisch welvaartsstaat.................................................................................................23
1
, Navigeren door een onderzoeksartikel...............................................................................................................23
Nonprofit management...........................................................................................................................................25
Bouwstenen.........................................................................................................................................................25
Missie...............................................................................................................................................................25
Bestuur............................................................................................................................................................26
Management...................................................................................................................................................26
Prestaties.............................................................................................................................................................27
Effectiviteit (goal attainment)..........................................................................................................................27
Noden van stakeholders invullen (multiple constituency)..............................................................................27
Middelen verwerven (system resource model)..............................................................................................29
Tussentijdse conclusies....................................................................................................................................29
Prestaties meten: MIMNOE model (zie artikel)..............................................................................................30
Conclusie.........................................................................................................................................................32
Relatie overheid – nonprofit...................................................................................................................................33
Overheid als belangrijke stakeholder..................................................................................................................33
Law of nonprofit complexity...........................................................................................................................33
Relatie overheid – nonprofit...........................................................................................................................33
Najam: conceptueel kader..............................................................................................................................34
Evolutie relatie overheid – nonprofit: NPM........................................................................................................35
Competitie.......................................................................................................................................................35
Contracten en controle....................................................................................................................................37
Tussentijdse conclusie.....................................................................................................................................38
Prestatiegerichte controle...................................................................................................................................38
Verantwoording...............................................................................................................................................39
Samenvattend......................................................................................................................................................42
Coproductie en co-creatie in publieke dienstverlening..........................................................................................42
NPG en burgerparticipatie...................................................................................................................................42
Beleidsparticipatie versus coproductie en co-creatie.........................................................................................42
Vormen van publiek engagement...................................................................................................................43
Definities..........................................................................................................................................................44
Fases van dienstverlening................................................................................................................................44
Niveaus van coproductie.................................................................................................................................44
Wie coproduceert? Waarom?.............................................................................................................................45
Wie..................................................................................................................................................................45
Waarom...........................................................................................................................................................45
Uitkomsten van coproductie...............................................................................................................................45
Limieten?.........................................................................................................................................................46
2
, Publieke waarde co-creatie.................................................................................................................................46
Invloedsfactoren..............................................................................................................................................47
Case studies.........................................................................................................................................................48
Wijkbudget Gent.............................................................................................................................................48
Iedereen ondernemer? Vermarkting van het middenveld in Vlaanderen..............................................................49
Inleiding: een gelaagd fenomeen........................................................................................................................49
De markt is toch overal?..................................................................................................................................49
Focus................................................................................................................................................................50
Commercialisering...............................................................................................................................................50
Commerciële activiteiten................................................................................................................................50
Commercialisering in Vlaanderen...................................................................................................................52
Aard commerciële inkomsten..........................................................................................................................52
Evolutie commerciële inkomsten van de afgelopen 10 jaar............................................................................53
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................................53
Corporatisering....................................................................................................................................................54
Corporatisering in Vlaanderen........................................................................................................................55
Managerialisering................................................................................................................................................55
Managerialisering in Vlaanderen....................................................................................................................56
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................................57
Tussentijdse conclusie.........................................................................................................................................57
Determinanten van commercialisering nonprofit...............................................................................................58
Waarom commercialiseren sommigen nonprofits wel en anderen niet?.......................................................58
Kan iedere nonprofit verdienactiviteiten ontwikkelen?..................................................................................58
Het nodig hebben, het kunnen of het hoort zo?.............................................................................................59
Commerciaal en toch dienstbaar aan de samenleving?.....................................................................................59
Identificeren van ‘lancunes’ in onderzoek......................................................................................................60
Conceptueel kader..........................................................................................................................................60
Theoretische verwachtingen...........................................................................................................................60
Resultaten........................................................................................................................................................61
Discussie en conclusie.....................................................................................................................................62
Kan vermarkting werken? Het belang van (inter)nationale context.......................................................................63
Omstandigheden.................................................................................................................................................63
Organisatie kenmerken...................................................................................................................................63
Sector dynamieken..........................................................................................................................................64
Internationale context.....................................................................................................................................64
Tussentijdse conclusie.....................................................................................................................................66
Zinvol werken?.....................................................................................................................................................67
3
, Nonprofit prestaties........................................................................................................................................67
Vermarkting.........................................................................................................................................................68
Twee assumpties.............................................................................................................................................69
Patronen van vermarkting?.............................................................................................................................69
Wat maakt nu dat een organisatie aan een bepaalde klasse wordt toegekend?...........................................70
Belangrijkste bevindingen...................................................................................................................................70
4
MANAGEMENT
Inhoud
Inleiding en plaatsbepaling.......................................................................................................................................5
Definitie van de social profit sector.......................................................................................................................5
Wettelijke definitie............................................................................................................................................5
Functionele definitie..........................................................................................................................................6
Economische definitie.......................................................................................................................................6
Structureel-operationele definitie.....................................................................................................................7
Welke definitie is de beste?...............................................................................................................................8
Een maatschappij model...................................................................................................................................8
Social profit in Vlaanderen....................................................................................................................................9
CSI Flanders (2016-2019)...................................................................................................................................9
Voorbij non-profitorganisaties: herconceptualisering van de derde sector.......................................................11
Conceptuele diversiteit...................................................................................................................................11
Internationale diversiteit.................................................................................................................................11
Belang definiëren............................................................................................................................................13
Artikel Salamon & Sokolowsk: meer voluntaristische benadering......................................................................14
Hoe kunnen we de grote lijnen toepassen in de praktijk?..................................................................................15
Samenvattend......................................................................................................................................................15
Ontstaanstheorieën.................................................................................................................................................16
Waarom zijn er nonprofits (nodig)?....................................................................................................................16
Waarom kan de markt niet alles doen?..............................................................................................................16
Waarom kan de overheid het niet doen?...........................................................................................................16
Kan het middenveld het dan (allemaal) doen?...................................................................................................16
Wanneer markt/overheid/middenveld?.............................................................................................................17
Public goods theory (vraagzijde).....................................................................................................................17
Trust theorie (vraagzijde)................................................................................................................................18
Entrepeneurship theorie (aanbodzijde)..........................................................................................................19
Stakeholder theorie (aanbodzijde)..................................................................................................................19
Interdependency theorie (zie artikel Salamon en Toepler).............................................................................19
Social origins theorie.......................................................................................................................................21
Een (terugblik) op België.....................................................................................................................................22
België als een corporatistisch welvaartsstaat.................................................................................................23
1
, Navigeren door een onderzoeksartikel...............................................................................................................23
Nonprofit management...........................................................................................................................................25
Bouwstenen.........................................................................................................................................................25
Missie...............................................................................................................................................................25
Bestuur............................................................................................................................................................26
Management...................................................................................................................................................26
Prestaties.............................................................................................................................................................27
Effectiviteit (goal attainment)..........................................................................................................................27
Noden van stakeholders invullen (multiple constituency)..............................................................................27
Middelen verwerven (system resource model)..............................................................................................29
Tussentijdse conclusies....................................................................................................................................29
Prestaties meten: MIMNOE model (zie artikel)..............................................................................................30
Conclusie.........................................................................................................................................................32
Relatie overheid – nonprofit...................................................................................................................................33
Overheid als belangrijke stakeholder..................................................................................................................33
Law of nonprofit complexity...........................................................................................................................33
Relatie overheid – nonprofit...........................................................................................................................33
Najam: conceptueel kader..............................................................................................................................34
Evolutie relatie overheid – nonprofit: NPM........................................................................................................35
Competitie.......................................................................................................................................................35
Contracten en controle....................................................................................................................................37
Tussentijdse conclusie.....................................................................................................................................38
Prestatiegerichte controle...................................................................................................................................38
Verantwoording...............................................................................................................................................39
Samenvattend......................................................................................................................................................42
Coproductie en co-creatie in publieke dienstverlening..........................................................................................42
NPG en burgerparticipatie...................................................................................................................................42
Beleidsparticipatie versus coproductie en co-creatie.........................................................................................42
Vormen van publiek engagement...................................................................................................................43
Definities..........................................................................................................................................................44
Fases van dienstverlening................................................................................................................................44
Niveaus van coproductie.................................................................................................................................44
Wie coproduceert? Waarom?.............................................................................................................................45
Wie..................................................................................................................................................................45
Waarom...........................................................................................................................................................45
Uitkomsten van coproductie...............................................................................................................................45
Limieten?.........................................................................................................................................................46
2
, Publieke waarde co-creatie.................................................................................................................................46
Invloedsfactoren..............................................................................................................................................47
Case studies.........................................................................................................................................................48
Wijkbudget Gent.............................................................................................................................................48
Iedereen ondernemer? Vermarkting van het middenveld in Vlaanderen..............................................................49
Inleiding: een gelaagd fenomeen........................................................................................................................49
De markt is toch overal?..................................................................................................................................49
Focus................................................................................................................................................................50
Commercialisering...............................................................................................................................................50
Commerciële activiteiten................................................................................................................................50
Commercialisering in Vlaanderen...................................................................................................................52
Aard commerciële inkomsten..........................................................................................................................52
Evolutie commerciële inkomsten van de afgelopen 10 jaar............................................................................53
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................................53
Corporatisering....................................................................................................................................................54
Corporatisering in Vlaanderen........................................................................................................................55
Managerialisering................................................................................................................................................55
Managerialisering in Vlaanderen....................................................................................................................56
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................................57
Tussentijdse conclusie.........................................................................................................................................57
Determinanten van commercialisering nonprofit...............................................................................................58
Waarom commercialiseren sommigen nonprofits wel en anderen niet?.......................................................58
Kan iedere nonprofit verdienactiviteiten ontwikkelen?..................................................................................58
Het nodig hebben, het kunnen of het hoort zo?.............................................................................................59
Commerciaal en toch dienstbaar aan de samenleving?.....................................................................................59
Identificeren van ‘lancunes’ in onderzoek......................................................................................................60
Conceptueel kader..........................................................................................................................................60
Theoretische verwachtingen...........................................................................................................................60
Resultaten........................................................................................................................................................61
Discussie en conclusie.....................................................................................................................................62
Kan vermarkting werken? Het belang van (inter)nationale context.......................................................................63
Omstandigheden.................................................................................................................................................63
Organisatie kenmerken...................................................................................................................................63
Sector dynamieken..........................................................................................................................................64
Internationale context.....................................................................................................................................64
Tussentijdse conclusie.....................................................................................................................................66
Zinvol werken?.....................................................................................................................................................67
3
, Nonprofit prestaties........................................................................................................................................67
Vermarkting.........................................................................................................................................................68
Twee assumpties.............................................................................................................................................69
Patronen van vermarkting?.............................................................................................................................69
Wat maakt nu dat een organisatie aan een bepaalde klasse wordt toegekend?...........................................70
Belangrijkste bevindingen...................................................................................................................................70
4
