Unit8 MUSCOSKELETAL SYSTEM

P1
Synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous are the three basic categories. The latter are the
most well-known in anatomy and offer the biggest range of motion. There are various
synovial kinds, including:
 pivot
 the ball sockets
 condyloid
 saddle
 hinge
 plane
The names of the bones that make up each joint are often based on their number in
the human body. There are several main joints, nevertheless, that are more intricate
than the others and play crucial roles in anatomy. These include the joints in the hip,
knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow, Temporomandibular, and shoulder. Ligaments
strengthen them to provide additional support.


Fibrous joints: In joints containing fibrous tissue, the bones are held together by the
fibrous connective tissue. Most fibrous joints are immobile or have a small range of
motion because there is no cavity or space between the bones. Syndesmoses,
gomphoses, and sutures are the three different types of fibrous joints. Sutures, which
have tiny connective tissue fibres that firmly hold the skull's bones in place, are only
found in the skull.
Syndesmoses are joints that allow for more mobility than sutures by connecting the
bones with a strip of cartilage. An example of a syndesmosis is the tibia and fibula
syndesmosis near the ankle.
Joints with cartilage connecting the bones are known as cartilaginous joints. There
are two types of cartilage joints: synchondroses and symphyses. In a synchondrosis,
hyaline cartilage links the bones. Synchondroses can be found in the epiphyseal
plates of growing bones in children. Symphyses have hyaline cartilage covering the
bone's tip, but the two bones are joined by fibrocartilage. The joints of the vertebrae
contain symphyses. Both types of cartilaginous joints have very little range of motion.
The only joints with a space between the two neighbouring bones are synovial joints.
This space, which is crammed with synovial fluid, is known as the synovial cavity.
Synovial fluid improves joint movement by lubricating the joint and reducing friction
between the bones. The ends of the bones are covered in articular cartilage, a form
of hyaline cartilage, and connective tissue encircles the entire joint to allow for joint
motion while avoiding dislocation. Moreover, articular capsules may contain
ligaments that hold the bones together. All three types of structural joints can move,
although synovial joints have the greatest range of motion. Yet, a joint becomes
weaker the more mobile it is. Shoulders, elbows, and knees are some examples of
synovial joints.
Different movements are made possible by various types of joints. Synovial joints
can be classified as planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket.

, Planar joints
Planar joints feature surfaces on the bones that can either be flat or slightly bent.
Since they allow for gliding motions, these joints are sometimes known as gliding
joints. The range of motion of these joints is restricted and excludes rotation. Planar
joints can be found in the tarsal bones of the foot and the carpal bones of the hand,
as well as between vertebrae.




Hinge joints
In hinge joints, the slightly rounded end of one bone fits into the slightly hollow end of
the other bone. In a manner similar to a door hinge, one bone moves while the other
remains stationary. The elbow serves as a prime example of a hinge joint. The term
"modified hinge joint" is sometimes used to describe joints like the knee.




Pivot joints
A pivot joint is created when the rounded ends of two bones fit together to form a
ring. This structure allows the rounded bone to spin about its own axis. An illustration
of a pivot joint is the first and second vertebral joints in the neck, which permit back
and forth movement of the head. The wrist joint that allows the palm of the hand to
rotate up and down is known as a pivot joint.