NUR 2474 Pharmacology Final Exam 2023 {Real Exam} with Latest Questions and Answers

NUR 2474 Pharmacology Final Exam 2023 {Real Exam} with Latest Questions and Answers A patient with type 1 diabetes is eating breakfast at 7:30 AM. Blood sugars are on a sliding scale and are ordered before a meal and at bedtime. The patient's blood sugar level is 317 mg/dL. Which formulation of insulin should the nurse prepare to administer? a.No insulin should be administered. b.NPH c.70/30 mix d.Lispro (Humalog) An adolescent patient recently attended a health fair and had a serum glucose test. The patient telephones the nurse and says, "My level was 125 mg/dL. Does that mean I have diabetes?" What is the nurse's most accurate response? a."Unless you were fasting for longer than 8 hours, this does not necessarily mean you have diabetes." b. "At this level, you probably have diabetes. You will need an oral glucose tolerance test this week." c. "This level is conclusive evidence that you have diabetes." d. "This level is conclusive evidence that you do not have diabetes." Insulin glargine is prescribed for a hospitalized patient who is diabetic. When will the nurse administer this drug? a.Approximately 15 to 30 minutes before each meal b.In the morning and at 4 PM c.Once daily at bedtime d.After meals and at bedtime The nurse working on a high-acuity medical-surgical unit is prioritizing care for four patients who were just admitted. Which patient should the nurse assess first? a.The NPO patient with a blood glucose level of 80 mg/dL who just received 20 units of 70/30 Novolin insulin b.The patient with a pulse of 58 beats per minute who is about to receive digoxin (Lanoxin) c.The patient with a blood pressure of 136/92 mm Hg who complains of having a headache d.The patient with an allergy to penicillin who isreceiving an infusion of vancomycin (Vancocin) A patient with type 1 diabetes recently became pregnant. The nurse plans a blood glucose testing schedule for her. What is the recommended monitoring schedule? a.Before each meal and before bed b.In the morning for a fasting level and at 4 PM for the peak level c.Six or seven times a day d.Three times a day, along with urine glucose testing A patient with type 1 diabetes who takes insulin reports taking propranolol for hypertension. Why is the nurse concerned? a.The beta blocker can cause insulin resistance. b.Using the two agents together increases the risk of ketoacidosis. c.Propranolol increasesinsulin requirements because of receptor blocking. d.The beta blocker can mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which statement is correct about the contrast between acarbose and miglitol? a.Miglitol has not been associated with hepatic dysfunction. b. With miglitol,sucrose can be used to treat hypoglycemia. c. Miglitol is less effective in African Americans. d. Miglitol has no gastrointestinalside effects. A nurse counsels a patient with diabetes who is starting therapy with an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. The patient should be educated about the potential for which adverse reactions? (Select all that apply.) a.Hypoglycemia b.Flatulence c.Elevated iron levels in the blood d.Fluid retention e.Diarrhea The nurse is caring for a pregnant patient recently diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The patient tells the nurse she does not want to take medications while she is pregnant. What will the nurse explain to this patient? a.Hypothyroidism is a normal effect of pregnancy and usually is of no consequence. b.Neuropsychologic deficits in the fetus can occur if the condition is not treated. c.No danger to the fetus exists until the third trimester. d.Treatment is required only if the patient is experiencing symptoms. A nurse is teaching a patient who has been diagnosed with hypothyroidism about levothyroxine (Synthroid). Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching? a. "I should not take heartburn medication without consulting my provider." b."I should report insomnia, tremors, and an increased heart rate to my provider." c. "If I take a multivitamin with iron, I should take it 4 hours after the Synthroid." d. "If I take calcium supplements, I may need to decrease my dose of Synthroid." A patient with hypothyroidism beginstaking PO levothyroxine (Synthroid). The nurse assesses the patient at the beginning of the shift and notes a heart rate of 62 beats per minute and a temperature of 97.2° F. The patient is lethargic and difficult to arouse. The nurse will contact the provider to request an order for which drug? a.Beta blocker b.Increased dose of PO levothyroxine c.Intravenous levothyroxine d.Methimazole (Tapazole) A patient is admitted to the hospital and will begin taking levothyroxine (Synthroid). The nurse learns that the patient also takes warfarin (Coumadin). The nurse will notify the provider to discuss the dose. ing levothyroxine ing warfarin asing levothyroxine asing warfarin An older adult patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The initial free T4 level is 0.5 mg/dL, and the TSH level is 8 microunits/mL. The prescriber orders levothyroxine (Levothroid) 100 mcg/day PO. What will the nurse do? a.Administer the medication as ordered. b.Contact the provider to discuss giving the levothyroxine IV. c.Request an order to give desiccated thyroid (Armour Thyroid). d.Suggest that the provider lower the dose. A 1-year-old child with cretinism has been receiving 8 mcg/kg/day of levothyroxine (Synthroid). The child comes to the clinic for a well-child check up. The nurse will expect the provider to: e the dose of levothyroxine to 6 mcg/kg/day. ntinue the drug if the child's physical and mental development is normal. ase the dose to accommodate the child's increased growth. the drug for 4 weeks and check the child's TSH level. A patient who is receiving a final dose of intravenous (IV) cephalosporin begins to complain of pain and irritation at the infusion site. The nurse observes signs of redness at the IV insertion site and along the vein. What is the nurse's priority action? a.Apply warm packs to the arm, and infuse the medication at a slower rate. b.Continue the infusion while elevating the arm. c.Select an alternate intravenous site and administer the infusion more slowly. d.Request central venous access. A nurse is teaching a nursing student what is meant by "generations" of cephalosporins. Which statement by the student indicates understanding of the teaching? a."Cephalosporins are assigned to generations based on their relative costs to administer." b."Cephalosporins have increased activity against gram-negative bacteria with each generation." c."First-generation cephalosporins have better penetration of the cerebrospinal fluid." d."Later generations of cephalosporins have lower resistance to destruction by betalactamases." A provider has ordered ceftriaxone 4 gm once daily for a patient with renal impairment. What will the nurse do? a.Administer the medication as prescribed. b.Contact the provider to ask about giving the drug in divided doses. c.Discuss increasing the interval between doses with the provider. d.Discuss reducing the dose with the provider. A patient will be discharged home to complete treatment with intravenous cefotetan with the assistance of a home nurse. The home care nurse will include which instruction when teaching the patient about this drug treatment? a.Abstain from alcohol consumption during therapy. b.Avoid dairy products while taking this drug. c.Take an antihistamine if a rash occurs. d.Use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs), not acetaminophen, for pain. The nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving vancomycin (Vancocin). The nurse notes that the patient is experiencing flushing, rash, pruritus, and urticaria. The patient's heart rate is 120 beats per minute, and the blood pressure is 92/57 mm Hg. The nurse understands that these findings are consistent with: gic reaction. man syndrome. omyolysis. d.Stevens-Johnson syndrome. A patient is to undergo orthopedic surgery, and the prescriber will order a cephalosporin to be given preoperatively as prophylaxis against infection. The nurse expects the provider to order which cephalosporin? a.First-generation cephalosporin b.Second-generation cephalosporin c.Third-generation cephalosporin d.Fourth-generation cephalosporin A patient receiving a cephalosporin develops a secondary intestinal infection caused by Clostridium difficile. What is an appropriate treatment for this patient? a.Adding an antibiotic, such as vancomycin (Vancocin), to the patient's regimen b.Discontinuing the cephalosporin and beginning metronidazole (Flagyl) c.Discontinuing all antibiotics and providing fluid replacement d.Increasing the dose of the cephalosporin and providing isolation measures Besides the cost of administering a given drug, which are considerations when a provider selects a cephalosporin to treat an infection? (Select all that apply.) a.Adverse effects b.Antimicrobial spectrum c.Brand name d.Manufacturer e.Pharmacokinetics A patient has an infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The prescriber has ordered piperacillin and amikacin, both to be given intravenously. What will the nurse do? a.Make sure to administer the drugs at different times using different IV tubing. b.Suggest giving larger doses of piperacillin and discontinuing the amikacin. c.Suggest that a fixed-dose combination of piperacillin and tazobactam (Zosyn) be used. d.Watch the patient closely for allergic reactions, because this risk is increased with this combination. A nurse assisting a nursing student with medications asks the student to describe how penicillins (PCNs) work to treat bacterial infections. The student is correct in responding that penicillins: hibit transpeptidases. pt bacterial cell wall synthesis. it autolysins. it host cell wall function. A patient is about to receive penicillin G for an infection that is highly sensitive to this drug. While obtaining the patient's medication history, the nurse learnsthat the patient experienced a rash when given amoxicillin (Amoxil) as a child 20 years earlier. What will the nurse do? a.Ask the provider to order a cephalosporin. b.Reassure the patient that allergic responses diminish over time. c.Request an order for a skin test to assess the current risk. d.Suggest using a desensitization schedule to administer the drug. A patient with no known drug allergies is receiving amoxicillin (Amoxil) PO twice daily. Twenty minutes after being given a dose, the patient complains of shortness of breath. The patient's blood pressure is 100/58 mm Hg. What will the nurse do? a.Contact the provider and prepare to administer epinephrine. b.Notify the provider if the patient develops a rash. c.Request an order for a skin test to evaluate possible PCN allergy. d.Withhold the next dose until symptoms subside. A patient with an infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is being treated with piperacillin. The nurse providing care reviews the patient'slaboratory reports and notes that the patient's blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels are elevated. The nurse will contact the provider to discuss: g an aminoglycoside. ing to penicillin G. ing the dose of piperacillin. ing nafcillin. A patient recently began receiving clindamycin (Cleocin) to treat an infection. After 8 days of treatment, the patient reports having 10 to 15 watery stools per day. What will the nurse tell this patient? a.The provider may increase the clindamycin dose to treat this infection. b.This is a known side effect of clindamycin, and the patient should consume extra fluids. c.The patient should stop taking the clindamycin now and contact the provider immediately. d.The patient should try taking Lomotil or a bulk laxative to minimize the diarrhealsymptoms. Which side effect of clindamycin (Cleocin) causes the most concern and may warrant discontinuation of the drug? a.Diarrhea b.Headache c.Nausea d.Vomiting A patient develops CDAD. Which antibiotic isrecommended for treating this infection? a.Chloramphenicol b.Clindamycin (Cleocin) c.Linezolid (Zyvox) d.Vancomycin A pregnant patient istreated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) (Bactrim) for a urinary tract infection at 34 weeks' gestation. A week later, the woman delivers her infant prematurely. The nurse will expect to monitor the infant for: defects. lycemia. . al jaundice. A patient who is taking immunosuppressants develops a urinary tract infection. The causative organism is sensitive to sulfonamides and to another, more expensive antibiotic. The prescriber orders the more expensive antibiotic. The nursing student assigned to this patient asks the nurse why the more expensive antibiotic is being used. Which response by the nurse is correct? a. "Immunosuppressed patients are folate deficient." b. "Patients who are immunosuppressed are more likely to develop resistance." c."Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic and depend on host immunity to work." d."Sulfonamides intensify the effects of immunosuppression." A nurse teaches a patient about sulfonamides. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching? a. "I need to drink extra fluids while taking this medication." b."I need to use sunscreen when taking this drug." c. "I should call my provider if I develop a rash while taking this drug." d. "I should stop taking this drug when my symptoms are gone." A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitustakes glipizide. The patient develops a urinary tract infection, and the prescriber orders TMP/SMZ. What will the nurse tell the patient? a.Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of an allergic reaction. b.Patients taking TMP/SMZ may need increased doses of glipizide. c.The patient should check the blood glucose level more often while taking TMP/SMZ. d.The patient should stop taking the glipizide while taking the TMP/SMZ. A nurse is obtaining a drug history from a patient about to receive sulfadiazine. The nurse learns that the patient takes warfarin, glipizide, and a thiazide diuretic. Based on this assessment, the nurse will expect the provider to: e the antibiotic to TMP/SMZ. ase the dose of the glipizide. or the patient's electrolytes closely. or the patient's coagulation levels. A patient will be discharged from the hospital with a prescription for TMP/SMZ (Bactrim). When providing teaching for this patient, the nurse will tell the patient that it will be important to: 8 to 10 glasses of water each day. foods that are high in potassium. the medication with food. folic acid supplements. A nurse is discussing microbial resistance among sulfonamides and trimethoprim with a nursing student. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further teaching? a. "Bacterial resistance to trimethoprim is relatively uncommon." b. "Resistance among gonococci, streptococci, and meningococci to sulfonamides is high." c."Resistance to both agents can occur by spontaneous mutation of organisms." d."Resistance to sulfonamides is less than resistance to trimethoprim." A patient with bronchitis is taking TMP/SMZ, 106/80 mg orally, twice daily. Before administering the third dose, the nurse notes that the patient has a widespread rash, a temperature of 103° F, and a heart rate of 100 beats per minute. The patient looks ill and reports not feeling well. What will the nurse do? a.Administer the dose and request an order for an antipyretic medication. b.Withhold the dose and request an order for an antihistamine to treat the rash. c.Withhold the dose and notify the provider of the symptoms. d.Request an order for intravenous TMP/SMZ, because the patient is getting worse. A patient with histoplasmosis is being treated with itraconazole (Sporanox). The nurse will teach this patient to report which symptoms? a.Gynecomastia and decreased libido b.Headache and rash c.Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia d.Visual disturbances A patient who is pregnant has a history of recurrent genital herpesvirus (HSV). The patient asks the nurse what will be done to suppress an outbreak when she is near term. The nurse will tell the patient that: iral medications are not safe during pregnancy. venous antiviral agents will be used if an outbreak occurs. acyclovir (Zovirax) may be used during pregnancy. al acyclovir (Zovirax) must be used to control outbreaks The nurse is caring for a patient receiving intravenous acyclovir (Zovirax). To prevent nephrotoxicity associated with intravenous acyclovir, the nurse will: te the patient during the infusion and for 2 hours after the infusion. ase the patient's intake of foods rich in vitamin C. or urinary output every 30 minutes. de a low-protein diet for 1 day before and 2 days after the acyclovir infusion. A nurse is performing a preoperative drug history on a patient who is admitted to the hospital forsurgery. To evaluate the risk of hemorrhage, the nurse will ask the patient about antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications as well as which dietary supplement? a.Coenzyme Q-10 b.Ginkgo biloba c.Ma Huang (ephedra) d.St. John's wort A patient will begin taking immunosuppressant drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. The nurse will caution this patient to avoid which dietary supplement? a.Black cohosh b.Echinacea c.Feverfew d.Glucosamine An infant has allergies and often develops a pruritic rash when exposed to allergens. The infant's parents ask the nurse about using a topical antihistamine. What does the nurse tell them? a.Antihistamines given by this route are not absorbed as well in children. b.Applying this medication to the skin can cause toxicity in this age group. c.The child will also need oral medication to achieve effective results. d.Topical medications have fewer side effects than those given by other routes. The parents of a child with asthma ask the nurse why their child cannot use oral corticosteroids more often, because they are so effective. The nurse will offer which information that is true for children? a.Chronic steroid use can inhibit growth. b.Frequent use of this drug may lead to a decreased response. c.A hypersensitivity reaction to this drug may occur. d.Systemic steroids can be toxic. Parents ask the nurse why an over-the-counter cough suppressant with sedative side effects is not recommended for infants. Which response by the nurse is correct? a. "Babies have a more rapid gastric emptying time and don't absorb drugs well." b."Cough medicine tastes bad, and infants usually won't take it." c. "Infants are more susceptible to central nervoussystem effects than are adults." d."Infants metabolize drugs too rapidly,so drugs aren't as effective." A nurse is caring for an infant after a surgical procedure. After ensuring that the ordered dose is appropriate for the infant's age and weight, the nurse administers a narcotic analgesic intravenously. When assessing the infant 15 minutes later, the nurse notes respirations of 22 breaths per minute and a heart rate of 110 beats per minute. The infant is asleep in the parent's arms and does not awaken when vital signs are assessed. The nurse understands that these findings are the result of: allergic reaction to the medication. urity of the blood-brain barrier in the infant. effects of the narcotic, requiring naloxone (Narcan) as an antidote. ected side effects of medications in infants. An infant is receiving a medication that has a narrow therapeutic range. The nurse reviews the medication information and learns that the drug is excreted by the kidneys. When giving the medication, the nurse will assess the infant for: ased effectiveness of the drug. er period of the drug's effects. of drug toxicity. al CNS effects. A prescriber has ordered medication for a newborn. The medication is eliminated primarily by hepatic metabolism. The nurse expects the prescriber to: a dose that is lower than an adult dose. a dose that is higher than an adult dose. ase the frequency of medication dosing. ntinue the drug after one or two doses. A nurse caring for a 5-year-old child notes that the child has discoloration of several teeth. When taking a medication history, the nurse will ask about which group of medications? a.Glucocorticoids b.Salicylates c.Sulfonamides d.Tetracyclines A nurse is caring for a patient and her newborn immediately after delivery. The patient's medication history includes prenatal vitaminsthroughout pregnancy, one or two glasses of wine before knowing she was pregnant, occasional use of an albuterol inhaler in her last trimester, and intravenous morphine during labor. What will the nurse expect to do? a.Administer opioids to the infant to prevent withdrawal syndrome. b.Monitor the infant's respirations closely and prepare to administer oxygen. c.Note a high-pitched cry and irritability in the infant. d.Prepare the patient for motor delays in the infant caused by the alcohol use. A patient who has just learned she is pregnant has stopped using a prescription medication that she takes for asthma because she doesn't want to harm her baby. What will the nurse tell her? a.That asthma medications will not affect the fetus b.That her baby's health is dependent on hers c.To avoid taking medications during her pregnancy d.To resume the medication in hersecond trimester A pregnant patient asks the nurse about the safe use of medications during the third trimester. What will the nurse tell her about drugs taken at this stage? a.They may need to be given in higher doses if they undergo renal clearance. b.They require lower doses if they are metabolized by the liver. c.They are less likely to cross the placenta and affect the fetus. d.They are more likely to cause anatomical defects if they are teratogenic. A breast-feeding patient must take a prescription medication for 2 weeks. The medication is safe, but the patient wants to make sure her baby receives as little of the drug as possible. What will the nurse tell the patient? a.To give the baby formula as long as the mother is taking the medication b.To take the medication immediately after breast-feeding c.To pump breast milk and feed the baby by bottle d.To take the medication 1 hour before breast-feeding Which type of drug taken by a pregnant patient is more likely to have effects on a fetus? a.Drug that is highly polar b.Ionized drug c.Lipid-soluble drug d.Protein-bound drug A nurse is concerned about renal function in an 84-year-old patient who is taking several medications. What should the nurse assess? a.Creatinine clearance b.Sodium levels c.Potassium levels d.Serum creatinine Based on changes in hepatic function in older adult patients, which adjustment should the nurse expect for oral medications that undergo extensive first pass metabolism? a.A higher dose should be used with the same time schedule. b.The interval between doses should be increased. c.No change is necessary - metabolism will not be affected. d.The interval between doses should be reduced. A nurse is preparing to give medications to four geriatric patients who are all taking multiple medications. Which patient is most likely to have an adverse drug reaction related to increased drug effects? a.Obese patient b.Patient with decreased serum creatinine c.Patient with chronic diarrhea d.Thin patient with a chronically low appetite A nurse is teaching a group of nursing students about administering medicationsto older adult patients. Which statement by a student indicates a need for further teaching? a. "Alteration in hepatic function requires more frequent drug dosing." b. "Changes in GI function in older adult patients lead to lower serum drug levels." c. "Most adverse drug reactions in older adult patients are related to altered renal function." d. "Most nonadherence among older adult patients is intentional." A thin older adult woman is admitted to the hospital after several days of vomiting, diarrhea, and poor intake of foods and fluids. She has not voided since admission. In preparing to care for this patient, the nurse will look for what laboratory values to help guide medication administration? (Select all that apply.) a.Creatinine clearance b.Gastric pH c.Plasma drug levels d.Serum albumin e.Serum creatinine A patient with a seizure disorder is admitted to the hospital and has a partial convulsive episode shortly after arriving on the unit. The patient has been taking phenytoin (Dilantin) 100 mg three times daily and oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) 300 mg twice daily for several years. The patient's phenytoin level is 8.6 mcg/mL, and the oxcarbazepine level is 22 mcg/mL. The nurse contacts the provider to report these levels and the seizure. What will the nurse expect the provider to order? a.A decreased dose of oxcarbazepine b.Extended-release phenytoin c.An increased dose of phenytoin d.Once-daily dosing of oxcarbazepine A nurse counsels a patient who isto begin taking phenytoin (Dilantin) for epilepsy. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of the teaching? a. "I should brush and floss my teeth regularly." b. "Once therapeutic blood levels are reached, they are easy to maintain." c. "I can consume alcohol in moderation while taking this drug." d. "Rashes are a common side effect but are not serious." A patient isto begin taking phenytoin (Dilantin) forseizures. The patient tells the nurse that she is taking oral contraceptives. What will the nurse tell the patient? a.She may need to increase her dose of phenytoin while taking oral contraceptives. b.She should consider a different form of birth control while taking phenytoin. c.She should remain on oral contraceptives, because phenytoin causes birth defects. d.She should stop taking oral contraceptives, because they reduce the effectiveness of phenytoin. A nurse is completing a discharge plan for a 24-year-old patient who will begin taking phenytoin. Which information is important to teach this patient? a.She may stop taking the drug when she is seizure free for a year. b.Taking the medication will ensure that she no longer has seizures. c.She may need to discontinue the drug if serious side effects occur. d.She should be sure to use an effective contraceptive method. A patient who has had abdominal surgery has been receiving morphine sulfate via a patientcontrolled analgesia (PCA) pump. The nurse assesses the patient and notes that the patient's pupils are dilated and that the patient is drowsy and lethargic. The patient's heart rate is 84 beats per minute, the respiratory rate is 10 breaths per minute, and the blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. What will the nurse do? a.Discuss possible opiate dependence with the patient's provider. b.Encourage the patient to turn over and cough and take deep breaths. c.Note the effectiveness of the analgesia in the patient's chart. d.Prepare to administer naloxone and possibly ventilatory support