C H E M
2 A
C h a p t e r
1
C H E M I S T R Y :
M A T T E R
A N D
M E A S U R E M E N T
●
Matter
-
anything
that
has
mass
and
takes
up
volume ●
Chemistry
-
study
of
matter-
its
composition,
properties, and
transformations
o
Studies
anything
taht
we
touch,
feel,
see,
smell,
or
taste
M E A S U R E M E N T S ●
Metric
Conversions
COMMON
TYPES
OF
MEASUREMENTS ●
Length
-
Meter
(m) ●
Mass
-
Gram
(g) ●
V olume
-
Liter
(L)
for
liquids
and
cm^3
for
solids
M E T E R
●
1
meter
=
1.09
yards ●
cm
is
used
for
measuring
smaller
objects ●
Mm
is
small,
there
are
10
mm
in
each
cm
M A S S
O R
W E I G H T
●
Gram
(g)
-
small
mass
o
454
g
=
1
lb
●
Larger
masses
are
given
in
kg
o
1000
g
=
1
kg
●
milligram
is
the
smallest
weight
can
measure
on
balances in
lab
o
1
g
=
1000
mg
V O L U M E
●
Amount
of
space
that
a
substance
occupies ●
Liter
(L)
is
close
to
a
quart
o
1
L
=
1.06
quarts
●
Smaller
volumes
=
milliliter
(mL)
is
used
o
1000
mL
=
1
L
●
Decileter
(dL)
is
used
for
blood
o
10
dL
=
1
L
●
1
mL
=
1
cubic
cm
o
1
cc
or
1
cm^3
●
Can
be
calculated
from
dimensions
o
L
x
w
x
h
A C C U R A C Y
●
How
close
a
measurement
is
to
the
real
value
(exact number)
●
Measured
values
are
always
limited
by
the
tool
used
to measure
them
P R E C I S I O N
●
Ability
of
a
measurement
to
be
reproduced
consistently (inexact
number) ●
When
a
value
is
measured
more
than
one
time,
how
close the
values
are
to
each
other. ●
Scientists
must
measure
the
same
value
many
times
to ensure
precision
before
they
report
their
findings.
S I G N I F I C A N T
F I G U R E S ●
A
way
to
report
the
uncertainty
of
inexact
numbers ●
“Sig
figs”
include
all
the
digits
read
from
the
measuring device,
plus
one
estimated
digit ●
The
estimated
digit
is
the
number
located
farthest
to
the right
DETERMINING
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES ●
All
non-zero
digits
must
have
been
generated
from
the measurement
=
they
are
always
significant
figures ●
Zeros
are
significant
if:
o
Between
two
non
zero
digits
(
3.063
or
0.00
1004
)
o
Trailing
zeros
between
a
number
1
or
greater
and
a
decimal
point
(0.0
5050
or
56.00
) ●
Zeros
are
not
significant
if:
o
Leading
zeros
or
place
holders
(
0.00
5020)
o
Zeros
to
the
right
of
the
last
nonzero
when
there
is
no
decimal
point
(106
0000
)
C A L C U L A T I N G
U S I N G
S I G N I F I C A N T
F I G U R E S ●
Multiplying
and
Dividing
o
Rounded
=
same
number
of
sigfig
as
the
least
number
of
sigfigs ●
Adding
and
Subtracting
o
Rounded
to
have
the
same
number
of
decimal
places
as
the
least
number
of
decimal
places
T E M P E R A T U R E
A N D
H E A T ●
T emperature
=
measure
of
how
much
motion
the molecules
have
o
How
hot
or
cold
an
object
is
●
Fahrenheit
o
32
degree
F
=
water
freezes
o
212
degree
F
=
water
boils
●
Celcius
o
0
degree
C
=
water
freezes
o
100
degree
C
=
water
boils
●
Kelvin
o
273.15
K
=
water
freezes
o
373.15
K
=
water
boils
1
2 A
C h a p t e r
1
C H E M I S T R Y :
M A T T E R
A N D
M E A S U R E M E N T
●
Matter
-
anything
that
has
mass
and
takes
up
volume ●
Chemistry
-
study
of
matter-
its
composition,
properties, and
transformations
o
Studies
anything
taht
we
touch,
feel,
see,
smell,
or
taste
M E A S U R E M E N T S ●
Metric
Conversions
COMMON
TYPES
OF
MEASUREMENTS ●
Length
-
Meter
(m) ●
Mass
-
Gram
(g) ●
V olume
-
Liter
(L)
for
liquids
and
cm^3
for
solids
M E T E R
●
1
meter
=
1.09
yards ●
cm
is
used
for
measuring
smaller
objects ●
Mm
is
small,
there
are
10
mm
in
each
cm
M A S S
O R
W E I G H T
●
Gram
(g)
-
small
mass
o
454
g
=
1
lb
●
Larger
masses
are
given
in
kg
o
1000
g
=
1
kg
●
milligram
is
the
smallest
weight
can
measure
on
balances in
lab
o
1
g
=
1000
mg
V O L U M E
●
Amount
of
space
that
a
substance
occupies ●
Liter
(L)
is
close
to
a
quart
o
1
L
=
1.06
quarts
●
Smaller
volumes
=
milliliter
(mL)
is
used
o
1000
mL
=
1
L
●
Decileter
(dL)
is
used
for
blood
o
10
dL
=
1
L
●
1
mL
=
1
cubic
cm
o
1
cc
or
1
cm^3
●
Can
be
calculated
from
dimensions
o
L
x
w
x
h
A C C U R A C Y
●
How
close
a
measurement
is
to
the
real
value
(exact number)
●
Measured
values
are
always
limited
by
the
tool
used
to measure
them
P R E C I S I O N
●
Ability
of
a
measurement
to
be
reproduced
consistently (inexact
number) ●
When
a
value
is
measured
more
than
one
time,
how
close the
values
are
to
each
other. ●
Scientists
must
measure
the
same
value
many
times
to ensure
precision
before
they
report
their
findings.
S I G N I F I C A N T
F I G U R E S ●
A
way
to
report
the
uncertainty
of
inexact
numbers ●
“Sig
figs”
include
all
the
digits
read
from
the
measuring device,
plus
one
estimated
digit ●
The
estimated
digit
is
the
number
located
farthest
to
the right
DETERMINING
SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES ●
All
non-zero
digits
must
have
been
generated
from
the measurement
=
they
are
always
significant
figures ●
Zeros
are
significant
if:
o
Between
two
non
zero
digits
(
3.063
or
0.00
1004
)
o
Trailing
zeros
between
a
number
1
or
greater
and
a
decimal
point
(0.0
5050
or
56.00
) ●
Zeros
are
not
significant
if:
o
Leading
zeros
or
place
holders
(
0.00
5020)
o
Zeros
to
the
right
of
the
last
nonzero
when
there
is
no
decimal
point
(106
0000
)
C A L C U L A T I N G
U S I N G
S I G N I F I C A N T
F I G U R E S ●
Multiplying
and
Dividing
o
Rounded
=
same
number
of
sigfig
as
the
least
number
of
sigfigs ●
Adding
and
Subtracting
o
Rounded
to
have
the
same
number
of
decimal
places
as
the
least
number
of
decimal
places
T E M P E R A T U R E
A N D
H E A T ●
T emperature
=
measure
of
how
much
motion
the molecules
have
o
How
hot
or
cold
an
object
is
●
Fahrenheit
o
32
degree
F
=
water
freezes
o
212
degree
F
=
water
boils
●
Celcius
o
0
degree
C
=
water
freezes
o
100
degree
C
=
water
boils
●
Kelvin
o
273.15
K
=
water
freezes
o
373.15
K
=
water
boils
1
