PSYCHOLOGY AROUND US 3RD CANADIAN EDITION RONALD - Test Bank

CHAPTER 3 NEUROSCIENCE CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. • Neuroscientists examine autopsy tissue and patients with localized brain damage to learn about brain anatomy and brain function. • EEGs and neuroimaging, such as PET scans and fMRI, allow scientists to study brain function in the living brain. 2. Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. • The two major types of brain cells are neurons and glia. • Neurons communicate with other cells by producing and sending electrochemical signals. • Glia are involved in various functions, such as forming the blood–brain barrier, producing myelin, and clearing the brain of debris. 3. Describe what happens when a neuron “fires” and how neurons send messages to one another. • Communication within a neuron occurs electrically by means of the action potential, whereas communication between neurons occurs at the synapse via chemical signals called neurotransmitters. • Neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron, diffuse across the synapse, and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic site. • The response of a receiving neuron to a neurotransmitter is determined by the receptor on the postsynaptic, or receiving, neuron’s membrane. Depending on the type of receptor, the postsynaptic neurons will fire or not. 4. Name and describe the functions and subdivisions of the two major parts of the nervous system. • The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of nerves that extend throughout the body outside the central nervous system. • The peripheral nervous system has two divisions: the somatic nervous system, which sends information about the senses and movement, and the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions and responses to stress. • The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic “fight-or-flight” nervous system, which responds to stress by activating the autonomic system. • The parasympathetic “rest and digest” nervous system is responsible for returning the autonomic system to baseline. 5. List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. • The brain can be subdivided into many regions, each of which serves one or more specialized functions. • The brainstem participates in movement and sensation of the head and neck as well as in basic bodily functions, such as respiration and heart rate. • The midbrain includes the substantia nigra, an area important for movement. • The hypothalamus controls basic drives (food, drink, sex) and hormones, while the thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory information on its way to the cerebral cortex. • Many brain regions participate in different types of learning—the hippocampus is important for spatial navigation learning and learning about life’s events; the amygdala is important for fear learning; the cerebellum and striatum are important for motor learning; and the nucleus accumbens is important for reward learning. • A large part of the brain consists of the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex can be subdivided into frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The cortex controls movement, integrates sensory information, and serves numerous cognitive functions. 6. Explain the neuroscience evidence regarding brain lateralization, as well as research on the significance of brain size. • Research shows that the two hemispheres are more similar than different and that any differences are usually relative. • Brain size appears to be related to overall body size and not to brain function. 7. Describe the basic theory of evolution and explain how it has influenced our understanding of the human brain and behaviour. • All life on Earth is interrelated and derives from one common ancestor through a process known as evolution. • An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce (thereby transferring their traits to their offspring) is referred to as the individual’s fitness. • The brains of modern-day humans are much larger than any other animal species or of Hominid species that have gone extinct. • Many of our behaviours are shaped by our evolutionary past, including mate choice and parental investment.   TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS 1. Autopsies are NOT the ideal way to learn about the brain because it is NOT evident how the brain worked when the person was alive. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 2. The peripheral nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 3. There are a greater number of neurons than glial cells in the human nervous system. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 4. At resting potential, the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons does NOT contain ions. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 5. Immediately following an action potential, a neuron is ready to fire again. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 6. The peripheral nervous system includes the somatic and autonomic subdivisions. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Name and describe the functions and subdivisions of the two major parts of the nervous system. Section Reference: How Is the Nervous System Organized? 7. Efferent neurons carry signals from the CNS to the PNS. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Name and describe the functions and subdivisions of the two major parts of the nervous system. Section Reference: How Is the Nervous System Organized? 8. People often recover from damage to the medulla. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 9. Dopamine is associated with difficulties with motor coordination. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 10. Hormones are important for growth and reproduction. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 11. Damage to the striatum may result in uncontrollable shaking. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 12. The neocortex is responsible for the most complex behaviours in humans. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 13. The parietal cortex is located at the top middle of the brain. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 14. Broca’s area is critical for speech production. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: List key structures of the brain and describe their relationships to our behaviour. Section Reference: Structures of the Brain 15. Left-handed individuals are more likely to have their language areas located on the right side of their brains than are right-handed individuals. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Explain the neuroscience evidence about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size. Section Reference: Brain Side and Brain Size 16. Left brain functions may be associated with creative and abstract reasoning. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Explain the neuroscience evidence about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size. Section Reference: Brain Side and Brain Size 17. Although split brain patients show deficits in processing in laboratory experiments, they appear to have few problems in the real world. Answer: True Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Explain the neuroscience evidence about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size. Section Reference: Brain Side and Brain Size 18. Women are less intelligent than men because their brains are smaller. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Explain the neuroscience evidence about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size. Section Reference: Brain Side and Brain Size 19. Canadian and American statistics suggest that males are more likely to kill children who are genetically related to them than those who are NOT. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe the basic theory of evolution and explain how it has influenced our understanding of the human brain and behaviour. Section Reference: Evolution and Evolutionary Psychology 20. The number of eyespots on the peacock’s tail predicts whether a peahen will find him attractive. Answer: False Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the basic theory of evolution and explain how it has influenced our understanding of the human brain and behaviour. Section Reference: Evolution and Evolutionary Psychology   MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 21. Jack’s uncle had Alzheimer’s disease and when he died, he left his brain to medical science Which of the following techniques would be used to study Jack’s uncle’s brain? a) neuroimaging b) transcrancial magnetic stimulation c) evoked related potentials d) autopsy Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 22. Dr. Kensington is a neuropsychologist conducting a case study with a patient who lost the ability to speak after a stroke. What will he be able to learn by studying this patient’s brain? a) what caused the patient’s stroke b) how to prevent another stroke c) what brain areas are involved in the speech function the patient lost d) how long the patient is likely to live Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 23. Lesioning is to ___ as TMS is to ___. a) humans; animals b) animals; humans c) humans; humans d) animals; animals Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 24. What technological advance allows scientists to study brain activity in healthy, awake humans? a) neuroimaging b) lesioning c) autopsy d) psychoanalysis Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 25. Which of the following brain study techniques CANNOT be used to experimentally investigate the human brain? a) lesioning b) EEGs c) autopsy examination d) the study of brain damage Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 26. Dr. Fargas is interested in investigating the memory processes in a healthy, intact, normal human brain. Given what you know about techniques for studying the brain, what technique would you recommend? a) transcranial magnetic stimulation b) neuroimaging c) lesioning studies d) talk to a neuropsychologist about brain function Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 27. Dr. Draco wants to study attentional processes in a healthy, intact, normal human brain. What is the best technique for her to use to accomplish this goal? a) transcranial magnetic stimulation b) neuroimaging c) lesioning studies d) talk to a neuropsychologist about brain function Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 28. Which of the following ways to study the brain is NOT a neuroimaging technique? a) functional magnetic resonance imaging b) lesioning c) diffusion tensor imaging d) positron emission tomography Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 29. Dr. Baku is investigating the function of the amygdala, and comparing activation when participants view emotionally charged photos versus serene scenery photos. Given the choices below, what is the best technique for Dr. Baku to use for this project? a) diffusion tensor imaging b) MRI c) event-related potential d) positron emission tomography Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 30. Which of the following brain study techniques is correctly matched with a disadvantage? a) examining cases of brain damage – tells little about how brain systems work while in use b) autopsy study – cannot be used to investigate the human brain c) EEG – only provides a summary of activity over a large area of tissue d) lesioning – may not reflect the activity of the intact brain Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 31. Dr. Alfine wants to know about the activity of the brain when someone is meditating and compare that to the activity when they’re hypnotized. What would be the best technique for Dr. Alfine to use for this project? a) diffusion tensor imaging b) magnetic resonance imaging c) electroencephalogram d) positron emission tomography Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 32. Dr. Baker is studying the activity in the brain of a participant when they are in REM sleep and comparing that to the activity when they’re fully alert. Given this goal, what is the best technique for Dr. Baker to use? a) diffusion tensor imaging b) magnetic resonance imaging c) electroencephalogram d) positron emission tomography Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 33. Which of the following brain study techniques is correctly matched with a description? a) EEG – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain b) EEG – detects changes in blood flow in the brain c) PET – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain d) fMRI – records brain’s electrical activity from the scalp Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 34. Which of the following methods to study the brain relies on a magnetic field to produce anatomical pictures? a) CT scan b) TMS c) MRI d) PET Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 35. Which of the following methods to study the brain relies on two-dimensional X-ray images to produce anatomical pictures? a) CT scan b) TMS c) MRI d) PET Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 36. Dr. Grella wants to study what happens to short-term memory capacity in humans if the prefrontal cortex is destroyed. Obviously, destroying the prefrontal cortex of participants is out of the question. What is the next best thing that Dr. Grella could do to investigate this problem? a) ERP b) TMS c) MRI d) Examine the autopsy tissue of people who lived with short-term memory capacity deficits. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 37. Dr. Clay is studying the function of the fusiform face area, and comparing activation when participants view faces that they know versus faces of strangers. Given the choices of techniques below, what is the best one for Dr. Clay to use? a) diffusion tensor imaging b) MRI c) event-related potential d) positron emission tomography Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 38. Dr. Deyz wants to investigate what happens to visual imagery in humans if the visual cortex is destroyed. Obviously. Dr. Deyz can’t even propose a study like this to the ethics committee. What is the next best thing that Dr. Deyz could do to accomplish his goal? a) ERP b) TMS c) MRI d) Examine the autopsy tissue of people who lived with short-term memory capacity deficits. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 39. Dr. Edwin is contemplating the benefits of using a CT scan versus MRI. Which of the following would be a reason for Dr. Edwin to use MRI? a) It produces better images. b) It can be used with people who have any metal parts in their body (e.g., pacemakers). c) It is faster to administer. d) It is better at detecting brain diseases. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 40. Which of the following methods to study the brain is best suited to measure the activity of different brain areas as participants are performing a task? a) transcranial magnetic stimulation b) fMRI c) CT scan d) diffusion tensor imaging Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 41. CT is to ___ as MRI is to ___. a) X-ray; blood flow b) blood flow; X-ray c) X-ray; magnetic field d) magnetic field; X-ray Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 42. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using MRI rather than CT? a) The MRI produces a three-dimensional image. b) The MRI uses magnetic fields rather than X-rays. c) The MRI is better at detecting injury to the brain. d) The MRI is faster than the CT scan. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 43. Doctors suspect that Jeremy has sustained a concussion. Which of the following would provide the most accurate information about this? a) DTI b) CT scan c) MRI d) EEG Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 44. Which of the following ways to study the brain is NOT a neuroimaging technique? a) computed axial tomography scan b) transcranial magnetic stimulation c) diffusion tensor imaging d) positron emission tomography Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 45. CT is to PET as ___ is to ___. a) function; structure b) structure; function c) structure; structure d) function; function Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 46. Dr. Emerson is contemplating the benefits of using DTI versus MRI for detecting mild traumatic brain injury. What would be a reason for Dr. Emerson to use DTI? a) It can be used with people who have metal parts in their body (e.g., pacemakers). b) Diagnosis with MRI scans alone can be difficult because the damage is often to white matter. c) It is much less costly to use, and the results are available much faster. d) It produces better images. Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 47. Which of the following methods to study the brain is best suited to measure the pathways of the white matter? a) positron emission tomography b) fMRI c) ERP d) diffusion tensor imaging Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 48. Dr. Chalmers is learning about the brain by studying a patient of his who has suffered damage to the hippocampus. What is a drawback of using this technique to learn about brain function? a) The location of brain activity cannot be pinpointed precisely. b) It only tells us when a brain area is needed, not what the brain area does. c) It is impossible to establish cause and effect. d) It requires that the patients consume a radioactive substance. Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 49. Casey has suffered carbon monoxide poisoning that has resulted in extensive damage to her hippocampus. Researchers from a local university want to study her abilities in order to find out more about the function of the hippocampus. What is a disadvantage of using this technique to learn about brain function? a) The location of brain activity cannot be pinpointed precisely. b) It only tells us when a brain area is needed, not what the brain area does. c) It is impossible to establish cause and effect. d) It requires that the patients consume a radioactive substance. Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 50. Dr. Gray is investigating the function of the amygdala and is deciding whether to use EEG or fMRI. What is the main advantage of using EEG over fMRI? a) It allows Dr. Gray to pinpoint exactly when the amygdala is active. b) It provides Dr. Gray with a better measure of activity in different areas of the brain. c) It also allows Dr. Gray to image the pathways between important brain areas. d) It gives Dr. Gray information about how damage to different areas of the brain affect behaviour. Answer: a Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 51. Dr. Fernelli is investigating the function of the prefrontal cortex and is deciding whether to use EEG or fMRI. What is the main advantage of using fMRI over EEG? a) It allows Dr. Fernelli to pinpoint exactly when the prefrontal cortex is active. b) It provides Dr. Fernelli with a better measure of activity in different areas of the brain. c) It also allows Dr. Fernelli to image the pathways between important brain areas. d) It gives Dr. Fernelli information about how damage to different areas of the brain affect behaviour. Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 52. What is the most obvious difference between fMRI and MRI? a) fMRI is only used with children, MRI with children and adults. b) fMRI detects grey matter damage, MRI detects white matter damage. c) fMRI is used to study brain function, MRI is used to study brain structure. d) fMRI is faster to administer and less costly than MRI. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 53. Although fMRI and MRI use the same machine to generate images, they differ in one fundamental way. In what do they differ? a) fMRI produces very clear images, MRI produces images that are much less detailed. b) fMRI detects grey matter damage, MRI detects white matter damage. c) fMRI is used to study brain function, MRI is used to study brain structure. d) fMRI is faster to administer and less costly than MRI. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 54. What is the most obvious difference between fMRI and MRI? a) fMRI is only used with children, MRI with children and adults. b) fMRI detects grey matter damage, MRI detects white matter damage. c) fMRI is used to study brain function, MRI is used to study brain structure. d) fMRI is faster to administer and less costly than MRI. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 55. From a researcher’s point of view, the biggest drawback of using PET scans is ___, but from a participant’s point of view, the biggest disadvantage of having a PET scan is that ___. a) it doesn’t provide information about brain function; it costs a lot b) it doesn’t provide information about brain structure; the results aren’t available for a few weeks c) it only provides information about white matter; it is an extremely painful procedure d) it takes a while to detect changes in brain activity; it requires injection of a harmless radioactive substance Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 56. What is the main advantage over using MRI compared to using a CT scan? a) MRI also gives information about brain function. b) CT scan only produces two-dimensional images. c) CT scan is slower to administer and is more costly. d) MRI produces clearer images. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 57. What is an advantage of using fMRI over PET scans to study brain function? a) fMRI detects changes in brain function much faster than PET. b) fMRI identifies which areas of the brain are active, PET only identifies when these areas are active. c) fMRI can be used with people who have pacemakers or other metal in their bodies, while PET can’t. d) the results are available much faster with fMRI compared to PET. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 58. What is the biggest disadvantage of using PET scans to study brain function? a) It doesn’t detect changes in brain function very quickly. b) It cannot identify which areas of the brain are active. c) It cannot be used with people who have pacemakers or other metal in their bodies. d) It is extremely costly compared to fMRI. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 59. Which of the following is a problem with learning about brain function from people with damage to specific areas? a) Patients with brain damage have different concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin that is not easy to measure with today’s technologies. b) Reorganization of the brain after damage may further distinguish the damaged brain from the intact brain. c) Causal conclusions can only be established in cases where the area of brain destroyed is localized and not distributed throughout the brain. d) It is only possible to use this technique if the damage occurred prenatally. Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 60. Which of the following is NOT a problem with learning about brain function from people with damage to specific areas? a) It doesn’t allow causal conclusions about what brain areas cause specific behaviours. b) Patients with brain damage may have undetectable damage as well that cause behavioural changes. c) Reorganization in the brain after damage may further distinguish the damaged brain from the intact brain. d) Patients with brain damage have different concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin that is not easy to measure with today’s technologies. Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 61. Which of the following is NOT a symptom chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)? a) uncontrollable appetite b) personality changes c) mood swings d) memory loss Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 62. What is the only way to definitively diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)? a) post mortem b) DTI c) MRI d) PET Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning. Section Reference: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? 63. What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system? a) neuron b) glia c) axon d) nuclei Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 64. Which of the following is NOT a difference between neurons? a) They can be large, while others are very small. b) They can have distinct functions. c) Some can have many dendrites, while others have only one. d) Some are covered by a membrane that surrounds the entire neuron, others are not. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Conceptual Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 65. The nervous system contains NOT only neurons, but also other cells called ___. a) axons b) glia c) dendrites d) myelin Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 66. Which of the following is NOT true about glial cells? a) They control the nutrient supply to neurons. b) They modulate neurotransmission. c) They make up the myelin sheath of axons. d) They outnumber neurons throughout the brain. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Conceptual Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 67. Desmond has suffered a stroke to Wernicke’s area. In which of the following ways would you expect Desmond’s behaviour to change? a) He would no longer be able to understand language. b) He would no longer be able to produce spoken words. c) He would no longer be able to form new memories. d) He would no longer be able to plan and organize. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Conceptual Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 68. Jasper is writing a book all about glial cells. What would be a good title for his book? a) Glia – The Boss of Brain Communication b) How to Protect Yourself from Neurogenesis c) Glia – So Much More than Just Glue d) Don’t Sneeze! Your Glia is Loose! Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 69. Kelsea is writing a book titled “XXXXX – So Much More Than Just Glue”. What does the ‘XXXXX’ correspond to? a) Neurons b) Cerebrospinal Fluid c) Glial Cells d) Multipolar Cells Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 70. Which of the following is true about glial cells? a) They outnumber neurons throughout the brain. b) Schwann cells are found in the central nervous system. c) They have no role in neurotransmission. d) They control the nutrient supply to neurons. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 71. What critical role does an oligodendroglia cell fulfill? a) providing the myelin sheath b) line the walls of ventricles c) creation of the blood-brain barrier d) repairs the axon terminals after neurotransmitter release Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 72. What critical role does an astroglial cell fulfill? a) providing the myelin sheath b) line the walls of ventricles c) creation of the blood-brain barrier d) repairs the axon terminals after neurotransmitter release Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 73. Dr. Labelle has discovered a new primate species that does NOT have any astroglial cells. What can Dr. Labelle say for sure about this species? a) Their neurons are damaged. b) Their have no cerebrospinal fluid. c) They have no blood-brain barrier. d) They have multiple sclerosis. Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 74. Dr. Nikoto has discovered a new ape species that does NOT have any ependymal cells. What can Dr. Nikoto say for sure about this species? a) Their neurons are damaged. b) Their have no cerebrospinal fluid. c) They have no blood-brain barrier. d) They have multiple sclerosis. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 75. Mahalia has a problem with her ependymal cells. What part of her body is likely affected? a) myelin sheath b) blood-brain barrier c) axon terminals d) blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 76. Preston has a problem with his ___, which is affecting his blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. a) myelin sheath b) oligodendroglial cells c) microglial cells d) ependymal cells Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 77. Which of the following statements about neurons is FALSE? a) Neurons are covered by a specialized membrane. b) Neurons outnumber glia by a factor of about 10 to 1. c) Neurons communicate with other neurons using chemical signals. d) Neurons communicate with other neurons using electric signals. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 78. According to your text, about how many neurons does the nervous system contain? a) 1 billion b) 8 billion c) 86 billion d) 1 trillion Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 79. Which structures are especially important for communication between one neuron and another? a) axons only b) dendrites only c) axons and dendrites d) axons, dendrites, and glia Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 80. Perhaps the main reason that neurons can communicate quickly over relatively great distances within the body is the fact that neurons contain a) a long axon. b) a large cell body. c) many dendrites. d) a variety of neurotransmitters. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 81. The branch-like fibres extending in clusters from the neuron’s cell body are called ___. a) axons b) nodes of Ranvier c) glia d) dendrites Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 82. Compare your forearm, hand, and fingers to a neuron. Using such a metaphor, with a signal entering from your fingers, the dendrites are to your ___ as the axon is to your ___. a) fingers; hand b) fingers; forearm c) knuckles; hand d) knuckles; forearm Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 83. Andy’s friends are helping him to understand the flow of information in a neuron by each pretending to be a different part: Andy will play the role of the cell body, Grayson will be the dendrites, Sandy will pretend to be the terminal buttons, and Lyle will be the axon. Now Andy needs to make his friends hold hands in the right order so that he can complete the flow. Which of the following is the correct order? a) Grayson, Andy, Lyle, Sandy b) Andy, Lyle, Sandy, Grayson c) Lyle, Sandy, Grayson, Andy d) Sandy, Grayson, Andy, Lyle Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 84. Janice is a psychology student admiring a cherry tree in full bloom. She notices how the shape of the tree is very much like a neuron, with branches like dendrites. If this analogy were correct, what would the trunk of the tree correspond to? a) the terminal buttons b) the axon c) the myelin sheath d) the cytoplasm Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 85. Students in a psychology study group are discussing the flow of information in a neuron. Which of the following students is right? a) Andrea says that information is received by the dendrites, then this is sent on to the cell body, then it travels down the axon and finally reaches the terminal buttons. b) Breanna says that information is received by the cell body, then this is sent down the axon, where it branches off at the dendrites until it finally reaches the terminal buttons. c) Colin says that information is received by the terminal buttons, then this is sent down the axon to the cell body, where it exits via one of the many dendrites. d) Desmond says that information is received by the axon, then this is sent on to the terminal buttons via the dendrites until it is finally processed by the cell body. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 86. Ivan is acting in a play about the human nervous system and has the starring role as a neuron. Unfortunately, his costume makes him look more like a tree than a neuron, and it requires that he hold his arms up like branches for the whole play. What part of Ivan’s costume would correspond to the dendrites of the neuron? a) the trunk of the tree b) the branches of the tree c) the bark of the tree d) the inside of the tree Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 87. Mikiko has invented a game for her psychology study group to learn the facts about cells in the nervous system. She made a bunch of cards, each containing one fact about a cell, and this fact could be true or false. If the fact on the card is true, the group should say nothing, but if it is false the first one to say so gets 10 points. If Mikiko read the facts you see below, for which one would you receive 10 points? a) Neurons are involved in neural communication. b) Neurons can be as long as 1.5 metres. c) Neurons are covered by a special membrane. d) Neurons are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 88. An axon is a(n) a) neuron’s cell body. b) branch-like fibre extending in clusters from a neuron’s cell body. c) support cell in the nervous system. d) long, tube-like structure extending from a neuron’s cell body. Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 89. Dendrite is to axon as ___ is to ___. a) receiving; sending b) sending; receiving c) glial cell; neuron d) neuron; glial cell Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 90. The number of extensions protruding from the cell body is the main difference between a) multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons. b) neurons and glial cells. c) cells in the brain and cells in the spinal cord. d) old and new neurons. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 91. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another? a) dendrite  axon  cell body b) dendrite  cell body  axon c) axon  cell body  dendrite d) axon  dendrite  cell body Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 92. Regarding the similarities and differences among neurons, which of the following statements is correct? a) Neurons are all approximately the same size. b) Neurons vary in the number of axons they contain. c) Neurons all have about the same number of dendrites. d) All neurons can produce and send electrical signals. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 93. Which of the following is NOT a function of glial cells? a) Buffer neurons from the rest of the body. b) Release chemicals as part of neurotransmission. c) Control the nutrient supply to neurons. d) Destroy and remove dead and diseased neurons. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 94. Microglia cells are responsible for which of the following functions? a) forming glial scars b) forming myelin c) forming the blood brain barrier d) cleaning up dead or degenerating cells Answer: d Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 95. Which of the following provides both the correct name and the correct function of one of the types of glia? a) astroglia – clean up the debris of dead cells b) oligodendroglia – provide the myelin sheath c) microglia – create the blood-brain barrier d) macroglia – clean up the debris of dead cells Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 96. Oligiodendroglia are to ___ as Schwann cells are to ___. a) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system b) central nervous system; peripheral nervous system c) peripheral nervous system; autonomic nervous system d) autonomic nervous system; peripheral nervous system Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 97. What is the main difference between astroglial cells and ependymal cells? a) Astroglial cells make up the blood-brain barrier, ependymal cells make up the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. b) Astroglial cells myelinate the peripheral nervous system, ependymal cells myelinate the central nervous system. c) Astroglial cells are found on multipolar neurons, ependymal cells are found on bipolar neurons. d) Astroglial cells contain more dendrites than axons, ependymal cells contain more axons than dendrites. Answer: a Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 98. What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendroglial cells? a) Schwann cells make up the blood-brain barrier, oligodendroglial cells make up the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. b) Schwann cells myelinate the peripheral nervous system, oligodendroglial cells myelinate the central nervous system. c) Schwann cells are found on multipolar neurons, oligodendroglial cells are found on bipolar neurons. d) Schwann cells contain more dendrites than axons, oligodendroglial cells contain more axons than dendrites. Answer: b Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 99. What happens if the myelin sheath is damaged? a) neural transmission speeds up b) more action potentials are fired c) decreased removal of diseased or damaged neurons from the nervous system d) inefficient transmission of electrical information among neurons Answer: d Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 100. Which of the following best describes the relationship between glial cells and multiple sclerosis (MS)? a) MS is caused by an excessive growth of Schwann cells. b) MS is caused by too few ependymal cells. c) MS is caused by a buildup of myelinating glial cells. d) MS is caused by the death of myelinating glial cells. Answer: d Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 101. Unfortunately, Tanner’s oligodendroglial cells are slowly being destroyed due to a progressive disease. What disease do you think Tanner has? a) Muscular dystrophy b) Parkinson’s disease c) Multiple Sclerosis d) Alzheimer’s disease Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 102. Rada has been advised that she has a demyelinating disease. Which cells in Rada’s body would be most directly affected? a) oligiodendroglial and schwann cells b) Schwann cells and epidymal cells c) epidymal cells and astroglial d) oligiodendroglial and epidymal cells Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 103. Unfortunately, Hayley has been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. What type of glia cell is being destroyed with this progressive disease? a) oligodendroglia b) ependymal cells c) microglia d) astroglia Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 104. Taabish has been experiencing a range of symptoms including vision loss, pain, and muscle weakness. Her doctor diagnoses her with a disease that is affecting her glial cells. Which of the following might Taabish have? a) Alzheimer’s disease b) Parkinson’s disease c) Multiple Sclerosis d) Huntington’s disease Answer: c Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 105. Electrical wires are generally protected by a tube of plastic. A similar insulating function is performed in the nervous system by a) myelin. b) neurotransmitters c) nodes of Ranvier. d) vesicles. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Application Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 106. What would happen if the dendrites of a neuron didn’t work properly? a) The neuron wouldn’t be able to receive information from other neurons. b) The neuron wouldn’t have any myelin sheath. c) The neuron wouldn’t be able to release any neurotransmitters. d) The neuron wouldn’t have any cytoplasm in the cell body. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 107. What is the main difference between a multipolar, bipolar and unipolar neuron? a) the number of extensions protruding from the cell body b) the length of the axons c) the number of dendrites communicating with the trigger zone d) the number of organelles in the cell body Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Does the Nervous System Work? 108. Which of the following is NOT true of the resting potential of a neuron? a) It varies from -50 mv to -80mv. b) It represents the fact that the outside of the cell is more negative than inside the cell. c) When a neuron is inactive, it is polarized. d) Sodium, chloride, potassium, and anions contribute to the resting potential. Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system and describe the primary functions of each. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 109. Because the intracellular fluid has more negative ions than the extracellular fluid, this results in a) a negative resting potential. b) more action potentials. c) a greater concentration gradient. d) repolarization. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 110. The credit for the negative resting potential of a neuron can go to a) electrostatic pressure and diffusion. b) ion channels and concentration gradients. c) the sodium-potassium pump and selective permeability. d) repolarization and depolarization. Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 111. If the resting potential of a neuron were simply the result of electrostatic pressure and diffusion, what would it be? a) negative b) positive c) neutral d) It is impossible to predict with the information given. Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 112. What would happen to the resting potential of a neuron if the sodium ion channels on a membrane were permanently closed (i.e., unable to open)? a) It would constantly fire action potentials. b) It would have a longer refractory period after an action potential. c) It would be hyperpolarized. d) It would have a higher threshold of activation. Answer: c Difficulty: Hard Bloomcode: Evaluation Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 113. Why is the resting potential of a neuron negative? a) because neurons send more information than they receive b) because neurons are always depleted of the neurotransmitters they continually send c) because the intracellular fluid has a more negative charge than the extracellular fluid d) because the neuron is always working to maintain a concentration gradient of 0 Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 114. What two factors contribute to the negative resting potential of a neuron? a) diffusion and electrostatic pressure b) concentration gradient and ion channels c) selective permeability and sodium-potassium pump d) hyperpolarization and depolarization Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 115. Neurons communicate via a) electrical signals. b) chemical signals. c) both a and b. d) none of the above Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 116. What is the resting potential of a neuron? a) –100 millivolts b) –70 millivolts c) 70 millivolts d) 100 millivolts Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 117. The difference in the concentration of sodium ions inside and outside the neuron is called the ___. a) electrostatic pressure b) resting potential c) concentration gradient d) ionic differential Answer: c Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 118. The fact that ions of opposite charges attract each other whereas ions of the same charge repel each other establishes ___. a) electrostatic pressure b) a resting potential c) the concentration gradient d) an ionic differential Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Comprehension Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 119. Which of the following does NOT contribute the uneven distribution of charges across the membrane? a) Ions can flow freely across the membrane. b) Specialized ion channels allow some ions to pass into and out of the cell. c) The membrane exhibits selective permeability. d) They all contribute. Answer: a Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 120. Which of the following accurately reflects the process by which sodium potassium pumps maintain the resting charge of a neuron? a) It pumps three NA+ ions out and allows two K+ ions in. b) It pumps three K+ ions out and allows two NA+ ions in. c) It pumps three K+ out and allows three NA+ ions in. d) It pumps two K+ out and allows two NA+ in. Answer: a Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 121. In what regions is the surface of the axon exposed to the extracellular fluid? a) ion channels b) nodes of Ranvier c) refractory protuberances d) axon Hillocks Answer: b Difficulty: Easy Bloomcode: Knowledge Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 122. A neuron’s resting potential is ___ mV, reflecting the higher concentration of ___ ions outside the cell. a) –70; chloride b) –70; sodium c) +50; chloride d) +50; sodium Answer: b Difficulty: Medium Bloomcode: Analysis Learning Objective: Describe what happens when a neuron “fires,” and how neurons send messages to one another. Section Reference: How Do Neurons Work? 123. An action potenti