Pathophysiology terms(summary)
dura mater - Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered.
dural sinuses - Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and CSF for return to general
circulation.
mediastinum (what is it) - Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart
& large vessels
pericardial sac - Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to diaphragm.
endocardium - inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
septum in heart - separtes L & R sides of heart
SA node - other name - pacemaker
sinus rhythm - basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per minute)
location of sinoatrial node - right atrium
Where does impulse go to after SA node - Spreads through atrial conduction pathways, resulting in
contraction of both atria
AV node - what is it - Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA node sent it through atria
AV node - where is it - Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only anatomical connection between atrial
and ventricular portions of conduction system.
,AV bundle - other name - Bundle of His - other name
ECG - what does it do - Records electrical changes sent by conduction impulses as picked up by
electrodes
apoptosis - normal programmed cell death in tissues
endogenous - originating from within the body
exogenous - originating from outside the body
gangrene - necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
hypoxia - decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
iatrogenic - caused by a treatment, procedure or error
idiopathic - no known cause
ischemia - decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
lysis - destruction of a cell
lysosomal enzymes - released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause inflammation and damage to nearby
cells and reduced function
morphologic - structural
, pathogenesis - development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
related to the specific disease process
insidious - Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild signs, but with harmful effects.
Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis
subclinical - pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations exhibited, perhaps because of
great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney damage may progress to an advanced stage of renal
failure before symptoms are manifested.
latent - silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation period in some infectious
diseases. May be communicable during this period.
prodromal - time in early development of disease; pt know of change in body, but signs are nonspecific;
a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to confirm diagnosis.
manifestations - clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or systemic
lesion - specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic
syndrome - collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ. Usually occur
together in response to a certain condition.
remission - manifestations of the disease subside
exacerbation - manifestations of the disease increase
precipitating factor - condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex - shoveling snow on a cold day may
trigger an MI
complications - new secondary or additional problems. Ex - following an MI, pt may develop congestive
heart failure, which is a(n) xx.
dura mater - Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered.
dural sinuses - Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and CSF for return to general
circulation.
mediastinum (what is it) - Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart
& large vessels
pericardial sac - Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to diaphragm.
endocardium - inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
septum in heart - separtes L & R sides of heart
SA node - other name - pacemaker
sinus rhythm - basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per minute)
location of sinoatrial node - right atrium
Where does impulse go to after SA node - Spreads through atrial conduction pathways, resulting in
contraction of both atria
AV node - what is it - Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA node sent it through atria
AV node - where is it - Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only anatomical connection between atrial
and ventricular portions of conduction system.
,AV bundle - other name - Bundle of His - other name
ECG - what does it do - Records electrical changes sent by conduction impulses as picked up by
electrodes
apoptosis - normal programmed cell death in tissues
endogenous - originating from within the body
exogenous - originating from outside the body
gangrene - necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
hypoxia - decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
iatrogenic - caused by a treatment, procedure or error
idiopathic - no known cause
ischemia - decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
lysis - destruction of a cell
lysosomal enzymes - released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause inflammation and damage to nearby
cells and reduced function
morphologic - structural
, pathogenesis - development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue changes
related to the specific disease process
insidious - Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild signs, but with harmful effects.
Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis
subclinical - pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations exhibited, perhaps because of
great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney damage may progress to an advanced stage of renal
failure before symptoms are manifested.
latent - silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation period in some infectious
diseases. May be communicable during this period.
prodromal - time in early development of disease; pt know of change in body, but signs are nonspecific;
a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to confirm diagnosis.
manifestations - clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or systemic
lesion - specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic
syndrome - collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ. Usually occur
together in response to a certain condition.
remission - manifestations of the disease subside
exacerbation - manifestations of the disease increase
precipitating factor - condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex - shoveling snow on a cold day may
trigger an MI
complications - new secondary or additional problems. Ex - following an MI, pt may develop congestive
heart failure, which is a(n) xx.
