W.I.T.S. - FINAL EXAM STUDY QUESTIONS and answers

________is the most important source of immediate energy which lasts about 3-5 seconds a. Phosphocreatine b. Glycolysis c. Oxidative phosphorylation d. Aerobic glycolysis - Answer- a. Phosphocreatine During muscle contraction, the__________releases calcium into the sarcoplasm, which allows for actin-myosin interaction. a. Transverse tubule b. Sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Epimysium d. Troponin/Tropomyosin complex - Answer- b. Sarcoplasmic reticulum Which type of muscle fiber not only produces great force when stimulated but also resists fatigue? a. Type I b. Type IIa c. Type IIx d. Type Ia - Answer- b. Type IIa The volume of blood pumped by the heart per beat is known as________. a. stroke capacity b. stroke rate c. heart volume d. stroke volume - Answer- d. stroke volume What are the primary reasons women have lower VO2 max values than men? a. hemoglobin levels and motivation b. motivation and body weight c. hemoglobin levels and body fat percentage d. body fat percentage and motivation - Answer- c. hemoglobin levels and body fat percentage As the respiratory exchange ratio (R) increases,____________ become the primary fuel source for activity. a. carbohydrates b. fats c. proteins d. vitamins - Answer- a. carbohydrates Studies have revealed that ____________ is the most significant factor in maintaining VO2 max with a reduced training load. a. frequency b. time c. intensity d. caloric intake - Answer- c. intensity _________ is the primary energy source cells use for biological work. a. Carbohydrate b. ATP c. Calcium d. ADP - Answer- b. ATP Which form of heat loss occurs when heat is transferred from the surface of one object to the surface of another with no physical contact between the objects? a. conduction b. evaporation c. convection d. radiation - Answer- d. radiation ____________ is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. a. Heart rate b. Respiratory quotient c. Stroke volume d. Cardiac output - Answer- d. Cardiac output During a ____________, participants exercise at progressively increasing work rates until they reach maximum work tolerance. a. graded exercise test (GXT) b. maximal uptake test (MUT) c. sub-maximal test (SMT) d. graded maximal test - Answer- a. graded exercise test (GXT) The period of elevated oxygen uptake during recovery from exercise is known as__________. a. oxygen deficit b. steady-state requirement c. oxygen debt d. oxygen need payment - Answer- c. oxygen debt As the respiratory exchange ratio (R) decreases, the primary fuel utilized for exercise is ________________. a. protein b. fat c. carbohydrate d. creatine phosphate - Answer- b. fat Which component of a cell is a major player for the production of ATP during aerobic metabolism? a. mitochondria b. nucleus c. sarcoplasmic reticulum d. endoplasmic reticulum - Answer- a. mitochondria The fundamental unit of muscle contraction is the_____________. a. epimysium b. fascicle c. perimysium d. sarcomere - Answer- d. sarcomere During periods of exercise, _______________ is the body's primary form of heat loss. a. convection b. conduction c. evaporation d. radiation - Answer- c. evaporation An increase in the frequency of muscle stimulation into a smooth, sustained, high-tension contraction is called ____________. a. summation b. tetanus c. isometric d. muscle spasm - Answer- b. tetanus Which type of muscle fibers contract quickly and have an innate capacity to produce great force, but fatigue quickly? a. Type IIa b. Type I c. Type IIx d. Type Ia - Answer- c. Type IIx In the general population, _____________ is the major variable influencing maximal cardiac output. a. stroke volume b. heart rate c. stroke rate d. cardiac rhythm - Answer- c. stroke rate For the average male and female, about _________ of muscle fibers are type I. a. 52% b. 13% c. 33% d. 80% - Answer- a. 52% Which anaerobic energy pathway provides energy for maximal work lasting about two minutes? a. creatine phosphate b. oxidative phosphorylation c. mitochondrial metabolism d. glycolysis - Answer- d. glycolysis What protein does calcium bind to when it is released into the sarcoplasm during muscle contraction? a. tropomyosin b. troponin c. actin d. myosin - Answer- b. troponin The volume of oxygen missing during the first few minutes of work is the____________. a. oxygen debt b. oxygen repayment c. oxygen deficit d. steady-state requirement - Answer- c. oxygen deficit For most people, aging gradually but systematically reduces VO2 max by about _______ per year. a. 10% b. 5% c. 7% d. 1% - Answer- d. 1% Which muscle fibers contract slowly and produce little force, but have great resistance to fatigue? a. Type IIa b. Type I c. Type IIx d. Type Ib - Answer- b. Type I ______________, found in limbs and digits, serve primarily as levers for movement. a. Long bones b. Short bones c. Flat bones d. Irregular bones - Answer- a. Long bones What is the name of the process in which the cartilaginous structure of the skeleton is gradually replaced by bone during growth and maturation? a. calcification b. ossification c. bone replacement d. solidification - Answer- b. ossification What kind of joints are freely movable and allow greater movement, direction and range? a. hinge joints b. synarthrodial joints c. amphiarthrodial joints d. diarthrodial joints - Answer- d. diarthrodial joints Which of the following is an example of a ball-and-socket joint? a. tibiofibular joint b. glenohumeral joint c. ulnohumeral joint d. metacarpophalangeal joint - Answer- b. glenohumeral joint Which of the following is a muscle of the quadriceps group? a. trapezius b. gluteus maximus c. sartorius d. semitendinosus - Answer- c. sartorius A ________________ includes all the muscles that cause the same movement at the same joint. a. motor unit b. muscle unit c. motor group d. muscle group - Answer- d. muscle group The fibrous membrane covering a long bone is the_______, which serves as an attachment site for muscles except where articular cartilage is present. a. periosteum b. epiphyses c. diaphysis d. aponeurosis - Answer- a. periosteum Which of the following is the correct joint with its classification? a. skull sutures-synovial joint b. glenohumeral joint-synarthrodial joint c. sacroiliac joint-amphiarthrodial joint d. vertebrae of the spine-diarthrodial joint - Answer- c. sacroiliac joint-amphiarthrodial joint During _______________ actions, the muscle exerts a force that is equal in magnitude to an opposing force and does not change in length. a. ballistic b. isometric c. concentric d. eccentric - Answer- b. isometric The ability to maintain a stable, balanced position following a disruption is known as ___________. a. reaction strength b. angular momentum c. stability d. rotational inertia - Answer- c. stability Flinging the arms forward from an overhead position to perform abdominal crunches is an example of ___________. a. transfer of angular momentum b. torque transfer c. transfer of rotational inertia d. rotation arm adjustment - Answer- a. transfer of angular momentum An example of modifying a resistance arm to decrease the amount of torque required for movement is _____________. a. adding ankle weights to a lying leg raise b. straightening the arms overhead to perform abdominal crunches c. folding the arms across the chest to perform abdominal crunches d. holding a dumbbell while performing arm circles - Answer- c. folding the arms across the chest to perform abdominal crunches A ______________ consists of a single motor neuron, its branches, and all the muscle fibers that it innervates. a. motor group b. muscle group c. muscle unit d. motor unit - Answer- d. motor unit The ischium is an example of a __________ bone. a. flat b. long c. irregular d. short - Answer- c. irregular During a concentric action, the muscles that act as the prime movers are known as __________ while the muscles that act opposite to the prime movers are known as __________. a. antagonists; agonists b. agonists; antagonists c. primary sets; secondary sets d. secondary sets; primary sets - Answer- b. agonists; antagonists One gram of fat yields _______. a. 4 kcals b. 8 kcals c. 7 kcals d. 9 kcals - Answer- d. 9 kcals ________________ are considered to be the "building blocks" of protein. a. Amino acids b. Triglycerides c. Monosaccharides d. Disaccharides - Answer- a. Amino acids Increased levels of ________