TWMO
1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION? ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1. Different levels in the organization................................................................................................ 1
1.2. WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY? ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Organizational psychology as the Science of Cross-Level Moderation Effects ............................... 1
1.2.2. Scientist-Practitioner Model .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY VS. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR .......................................................................... 2
1.3.1. Disciplines that contribute to OB ................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2. Few absolutes apply to OB ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4. WHY IS OP/OB IMPORTANT? ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles....................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Management rolls ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. HISTORIC AND MODERN OP/OB .................................................................................................................... 4
1.5.1. Why history? ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.5.2. Taylorism....................................................................................................................................... 4
A. Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) ...................................................................................................................... 5
B. Hugo Münsterberg (1863 – 1916).......................................................................................................... 5
1.5.3. Hawthorne experiments and the Human Relations Movement ..................................................... 5
A. Kurt Lewin (1890 – 1947) ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y ............................................................................................... 6
A. Outdated Theory X ................................................................................................................................. 6
B. Modern Theory Y.................................................................................................................................... 6
C. Modern Psychology................................................................................................................................ 6
1.6. WORK MOTIVATION RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.6.1. Definition of motivation ................................................................................................................ 7
1.7. TEAM RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 7
2. DIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. WHAT IS DIVERSITY? ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1. Two major forms of workforce diversity ........................................................................................ 8
2.1.2. Types of diversity ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. AGE DIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Managers’ beliefs about older workers ......................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. What is old? .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Correlations with age (Ng & Feldman, 2012) ................................................................................ 9
2.3. AGE & ABILITIES ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. What is aging? ............................................................................................................................ 10
A. Types of physical ability ....................................................................................................................... 10
B. Physical sport vs. mental sport............................................................................................................. 10
C. Intellectual ability ................................................................................................................................ 10
D. Ability Mean-Level Change within Cohorts ........................................................................................... 11
E. Effort and performance........................................................................................................................ 11
F. Mean-Level Change between Generations ........................................................................................... 11
2.4. GENDER DIVERSITY .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. Explanations ................................................................................................................................ 12
2.5. DIVERSITY & PERFORMANCE ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1. Ice Cream Cone Superaditivity: 1904 World’s Fair ....................................................................... 12
2.5.2. Diversity trumps ability theorem (Page, 2007) ............................................................................ 13
2.5.3. Wisdom of the crows (Page, 2007).............................................................................................. 13
2.6. DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 13
2.6.1. Manage diversity effectively........................................................................................................ 13
3. JOB ATTITUDES ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1. JOB SATISFACTION ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1. Three components of job attitude ............................................................................................... 14
1
, 3.1.2. Job satisfaction and criteria ........................................................................................................ 14
3.1.3. Methods of measuring job satisfaction ....................................................................................... 14
3.1.4. Typical average job satisfaction levels by facet ........................................................................... 15
3.2. JOB CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.2.1. Motivation Potential Score (MPS) ............................................................................................... 15
3.3. SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING ............................................................................................................... 15
3.3.1. Relationship with pay .................................................................................................................. 15
3.4. DISPOSITIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5. CONSEQUENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.1. Mobley’s turnover process model................................................................................................ 16
3.5.2. Relationship of job satisfaction and work outcomes ................................................................... 16
3.6. MULTILEVEL PERSPECTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.7. COMMITMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 18
4. VALUES................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.1. WORKFORCE VALUES ................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2. GENERATION ME...................................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.1. Critique........................................................................................................................................ 21
4.3. CULTURAL VALUES .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.1. High vs. Low context cultures ...................................................................................................... 21
4.3.2. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Theory......................................................................................... 21
4.3.3. Study ........................................................................................................................................... 22
5. EMOTIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 23
5.1. EMOTIONS ON FIVE LEVELS ......................................................................................................................... 23
5.1.1. Within-person ............................................................................................................................. 23
A. Structures of moods and emotions ...................................................................................................... 23
B. Mood changes over time ..................................................................................................................... 23
C. Affective Events Theory ........................................................................................................................ 24
D. The effect of positive events at work on after-work fatigue ................................................................. 24
5.1.2. Between persons ......................................................................................................................... 24
A. Emotional intelligence.......................................................................................................................... 25
B. Measuring individual differences in emotion regulation ...................................................................... 26
C. The Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence ................................................................................... 26
5.1.3. Interpersonal interactions ........................................................................................................... 27
A. Costs and benefits of emotional labor.................................................................................................. 27
B. Emotional labor, strain and performance ............................................................................................ 27
5.1.4. Groups......................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1.5. Organization-wide ....................................................................................................................... 28
A. Emotion display rules at work in the global service economy............................................................... 28
6. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES ..................................................................................................................... 29
6.1. DEFINITIONS OF MOTIVATION ...................................................................................................................... 29
6.2. GENERAL FRAMEWORKS ............................................................................................................................. 29
6.2.1. The tree C Framework ................................................................................................................. 29
6.2.2. Integrating contemporary theories of motivation ....................................................................... 29
6.3. HISTORICAL THEORIES ................................................................................................................................ 29
6.3.1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ....................................................................................................... 29
6.3.2. Theory X and Theory Y ................................................................................................................. 29
6.3.3. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory ........................................................................................ 30
6.4. CONTEXT THEMES ..................................................................................................................................... 30
6.4.1. Job characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 30
A. Job redesign ......................................................................................................................................... 30
6.4.2. Organizational justice ................................................................................................................. 31
A. Model of organizational justice ............................................................................................................ 31
B. The equity theory ................................................................................................................................. 31
6.4.3. Expectancy theory, self-determination theory and pay ............................................................... 32
2
, 6.5. CHANGE THEMES ...................................................................................................................................... 33
6.5.1. Aging ........................................................................................................................................... 33
6.5.2. Goal setting ................................................................................................................................. 33
A. Galatea effect on motivation ............................................................................................................... 34
B. Management By Opjectives: participative goal setting ........................................................................ 34
6.5.3. Self-efficacy ................................................................................................................................. 34
6.6. CONTENT THEMES .................................................................................................................................... 34
6.6.1. Big Five traits............................................................................................................................... 34
6.6.2. Core self-evaluations ................................................................................................................... 35
6.6.3. Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator ...................................................................................................... 35
A. Critique ................................................................................................................................................ 35
6.6.4. Personality controversy ............................................................................................................... 36
6.6.5. Explicit motives ........................................................................................................................... 36
6.6.6. Implicit motives ........................................................................................................................... 36
A. Historical background .......................................................................................................................... 36
B. Operant Motive Test ............................................................................................................................ 36
6.6.7. Channeling effects ....................................................................................................................... 37
6.6.8. Compensatory model of motivation ............................................................................................ 37
6.6.9. Leadership motive pattern .......................................................................................................... 38
6.6.10. Leader taxonomy ........................................................................................................................ 38
7. TEAM PROCESSES ................................................................................................................................. 39
7.1. WHAT IS A TEAM? .................................................................................................................................... 39
7.1.1. Non-independence or withing-unit sharedness ........................................................................... 39
7.1.2. Comparing work groups and work teams.................................................................................... 39
7.1.3. The Punctuated-Equilibrium Model ............................................................................................. 39
7.1.4. Five Stage Model ......................................................................................................................... 40
7.2. RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 40
7.2.1. Socio-psychological vs. organizational ........................................................................................ 40
7.2.2. I-P-O vs. multilevel systems ......................................................................................................... 40
A. Classic input-process-outcome perspective .......................................................................................... 40
B. Multilevel system perspective .............................................................................................................. 41
7.3. TEAM CONFORMITY AND GROUP THINK ......................................................................................................... 41
7.3.1. The confomity study: Ash Experiment ......................................................................................... 41
A. Group cohesiveness ............................................................................................................................. 41
7.3.2. Group think ................................................................................................................................. 42
7.4. MOTIVATIONAL TEAM PROCESSES ................................................................................................................ 42
7.4.1. Team cohesion ............................................................................................................................ 42
A. Team efficacy ....................................................................................................................................... 43
B. Team potency ...................................................................................................................................... 43
C. Team conflict ....................................................................................................................................... 43
7.5. COMPOSITION MODELS .............................................................................................................................. 43
7.5.1. Selected score model ................................................................................................................... 43
7.5.2. Summary index model (additive or pooled unconstrained model) ............................................... 44
7.5.3. Consensus model (pooled constrained model) ............................................................................ 44
7.5.4. Referent shift model (convergent model) .................................................................................... 44
7.5.5. Dispersion model (configural model) ........................................................................................... 44
7.6. BEHAVIORAL TEAM PROCESSES .................................................................................................................... 44
7.6.1. Team member competencies ...................................................................................................... 44
7.6.2. Trait configurations ..................................................................................................................... 45
7.7. TEAM PROFILES ........................................................................................................................................ 45
7.8. COGNITIVE TEAM PROCESSES ....................................................................................................................... 45
7.8.1. Measuring shared mental models ............................................................................................... 45
7.8.2. Measuring transactive memory systems ..................................................................................... 46
7.8.3. Effectiveness............................................................................................................................... 46
7.9. TEAM-RESEARCH ACROSS LEVELS .................................................................................................................. 46
7.10. NEW TYPES OF TEAMS ............................................................................................................................... 47
3
, 7.10.1. Four types of teams ..................................................................................................................... 47
7.10.2. Multi team systems ..................................................................................................................... 47
7.11. EIGHT STEPS OF CHANGE ............................................................................................................................ 47
8. LEADERSHIP .......................................................................................................................................... 48
8.1. THE FORGOTTEN ONES: BEHAVIOR ................................................................................................................ 48
8.2. FIEDLER’S MODEL: CONTINGENCY ................................................................................................................. 48
8.3. LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY (LMX) ................................................................................................ 48
8.4. FULL RANGE MODEL .................................................................................................................................. 49
8.4.1. Transformational vs. Transactional leadership............................................................................ 49
A. Meta-analysis by Judge & Piccolo (2004) ............................................................................................. 50
B. Ling et al. (2008): CEO transformational leadership and firm size ....................................................... 50
C. Critiques ............................................................................................................................................... 50
8.5. BIG FIVE ................................................................................................................................................. 51
8.6. TRUST .................................................................................................................................................... 51
8.7. MENTORING ............................................................................................................................................ 52
8.8. CRITIQUE ................................................................................................................................................ 52
8.9. WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP .......................................................................................................................... 52
9. COMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................................ 53
9.1. PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................. 53
9.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................ 53
9.2.1. Small-group networks ................................................................................................................. 53
9.3. RICHNESS ................................................................................................................................................ 53
9.3.1. Email ........................................................................................................................................... 53
10. POLITICS AND NEGOTIATION ............................................................................................................. 54
10.1. CONFLICT ................................................................................................................................................ 54
10.1.1. Traditional view........................................................................................................................... 54
10.1.2. Interactionist view ....................................................................................................................... 54
10.1.3. Conflict and unit performance ..................................................................................................... 54
10.1.4. The conflict processes ................................................................................................................. 54
10.1.5. Team conflict............................................................................................................................... 55
10.2. NEGOTIATING .......................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2.1. Distributive and integrative bargaining ....................................................................................... 55
10.2.2. The negotiation process .............................................................................................................. 56
10.2.3. Individual differences .................................................................................................................. 56
A. Personality ........................................................................................................................................... 56
B. Culture ................................................................................................................................................. 57
C. Gender ................................................................................................................................................. 57
10.2.4. Third-party negotiations.............................................................................................................. 57
10.3. POWER................................................................................................................................................... 58
10.3.1. Leadership and power ................................................................................................................. 58
10.3.2. Five bases of power ..................................................................................................................... 58
10.3.3. Nine power tactics....................................................................................................................... 58
10.4. POLITICS ................................................................................................................................................. 59
10.4.1. Study about networking .............................................................................................................. 60
10.4.2. Political skill, overall vocational evaluation and job performance. .............................................. 60
11. THE ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................. 61
11.1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.1. Work specialization ..................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.2. Departmentalization ................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.3. Chain of command ...................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.4. Span of control ............................................................................................................................ 61
11.1.5. Centralization, formalization and boundary spanning................................................................. 61
11.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ........................................................................................................................ 63
4
1. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION? ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1.1. Different levels in the organization................................................................................................ 1
1.2. WHAT IS ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY? ....................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. Organizational psychology as the Science of Cross-Level Moderation Effects ............................... 1
1.2.2. Scientist-Practitioner Model .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY VS. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR .......................................................................... 2
1.3.1. Disciplines that contribute to OB ................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2. Few absolutes apply to OB ............................................................................................................ 3
1.4. WHY IS OP/OB IMPORTANT? ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles....................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2. Management rolls ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.5. HISTORIC AND MODERN OP/OB .................................................................................................................... 4
1.5.1. Why history? ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.5.2. Taylorism....................................................................................................................................... 4
A. Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) ...................................................................................................................... 5
B. Hugo Münsterberg (1863 – 1916).......................................................................................................... 5
1.5.3. Hawthorne experiments and the Human Relations Movement ..................................................... 5
A. Kurt Lewin (1890 – 1947) ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.4. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y ............................................................................................... 6
A. Outdated Theory X ................................................................................................................................. 6
B. Modern Theory Y.................................................................................................................................... 6
C. Modern Psychology................................................................................................................................ 6
1.6. WORK MOTIVATION RESEARCH ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.6.1. Definition of motivation ................................................................................................................ 7
1.7. TEAM RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ...................................................................................................................... 7
2. DIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1. WHAT IS DIVERSITY? ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1. Two major forms of workforce diversity ........................................................................................ 8
2.1.2. Types of diversity ........................................................................................................................... 8
2.2. AGE DIVERSITY ........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Managers’ beliefs about older workers ......................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. What is old? .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.3. Correlations with age (Ng & Feldman, 2012) ................................................................................ 9
2.3. AGE & ABILITIES ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.1. What is aging? ............................................................................................................................ 10
A. Types of physical ability ....................................................................................................................... 10
B. Physical sport vs. mental sport............................................................................................................. 10
C. Intellectual ability ................................................................................................................................ 10
D. Ability Mean-Level Change within Cohorts ........................................................................................... 11
E. Effort and performance........................................................................................................................ 11
F. Mean-Level Change between Generations ........................................................................................... 11
2.4. GENDER DIVERSITY .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.1. Explanations ................................................................................................................................ 12
2.5. DIVERSITY & PERFORMANCE ....................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1. Ice Cream Cone Superaditivity: 1904 World’s Fair ....................................................................... 12
2.5.2. Diversity trumps ability theorem (Page, 2007) ............................................................................ 13
2.5.3. Wisdom of the crows (Page, 2007).............................................................................................. 13
2.6. DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... 13
2.6.1. Manage diversity effectively........................................................................................................ 13
3. JOB ATTITUDES ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1. JOB SATISFACTION ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.1. Three components of job attitude ............................................................................................... 14
1
, 3.1.2. Job satisfaction and criteria ........................................................................................................ 14
3.1.3. Methods of measuring job satisfaction ....................................................................................... 14
3.1.4. Typical average job satisfaction levels by facet ........................................................................... 15
3.2. JOB CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................................ 15
3.2.1. Motivation Potential Score (MPS) ............................................................................................... 15
3.3. SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING ............................................................................................................... 15
3.3.1. Relationship with pay .................................................................................................................. 15
3.4. DISPOSITIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5. CONSEQUENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.5.1. Mobley’s turnover process model................................................................................................ 16
3.5.2. Relationship of job satisfaction and work outcomes ................................................................... 16
3.6. MULTILEVEL PERSPECTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.7. COMMITMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 18
4. VALUES................................................................................................................................................. 20
4.1. WORKFORCE VALUES ................................................................................................................................. 20
4.2. GENERATION ME...................................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.1. Critique........................................................................................................................................ 21
4.3. CULTURAL VALUES .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.3.1. High vs. Low context cultures ...................................................................................................... 21
4.3.2. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Theory......................................................................................... 21
4.3.3. Study ........................................................................................................................................... 22
5. EMOTIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 23
5.1. EMOTIONS ON FIVE LEVELS ......................................................................................................................... 23
5.1.1. Within-person ............................................................................................................................. 23
A. Structures of moods and emotions ...................................................................................................... 23
B. Mood changes over time ..................................................................................................................... 23
C. Affective Events Theory ........................................................................................................................ 24
D. The effect of positive events at work on after-work fatigue ................................................................. 24
5.1.2. Between persons ......................................................................................................................... 24
A. Emotional intelligence.......................................................................................................................... 25
B. Measuring individual differences in emotion regulation ...................................................................... 26
C. The Cascading Model of Emotional Intelligence ................................................................................... 26
5.1.3. Interpersonal interactions ........................................................................................................... 27
A. Costs and benefits of emotional labor.................................................................................................. 27
B. Emotional labor, strain and performance ............................................................................................ 27
5.1.4. Groups......................................................................................................................................... 28
5.1.5. Organization-wide ....................................................................................................................... 28
A. Emotion display rules at work in the global service economy............................................................... 28
6. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES ..................................................................................................................... 29
6.1. DEFINITIONS OF MOTIVATION ...................................................................................................................... 29
6.2. GENERAL FRAMEWORKS ............................................................................................................................. 29
6.2.1. The tree C Framework ................................................................................................................. 29
6.2.2. Integrating contemporary theories of motivation ....................................................................... 29
6.3. HISTORICAL THEORIES ................................................................................................................................ 29
6.3.1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs ....................................................................................................... 29
6.3.2. Theory X and Theory Y ................................................................................................................. 29
6.3.3. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory ........................................................................................ 30
6.4. CONTEXT THEMES ..................................................................................................................................... 30
6.4.1. Job characteristics ....................................................................................................................... 30
A. Job redesign ......................................................................................................................................... 30
6.4.2. Organizational justice ................................................................................................................. 31
A. Model of organizational justice ............................................................................................................ 31
B. The equity theory ................................................................................................................................. 31
6.4.3. Expectancy theory, self-determination theory and pay ............................................................... 32
2
, 6.5. CHANGE THEMES ...................................................................................................................................... 33
6.5.1. Aging ........................................................................................................................................... 33
6.5.2. Goal setting ................................................................................................................................. 33
A. Galatea effect on motivation ............................................................................................................... 34
B. Management By Opjectives: participative goal setting ........................................................................ 34
6.5.3. Self-efficacy ................................................................................................................................. 34
6.6. CONTENT THEMES .................................................................................................................................... 34
6.6.1. Big Five traits............................................................................................................................... 34
6.6.2. Core self-evaluations ................................................................................................................... 35
6.6.3. Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator ...................................................................................................... 35
A. Critique ................................................................................................................................................ 35
6.6.4. Personality controversy ............................................................................................................... 36
6.6.5. Explicit motives ........................................................................................................................... 36
6.6.6. Implicit motives ........................................................................................................................... 36
A. Historical background .......................................................................................................................... 36
B. Operant Motive Test ............................................................................................................................ 36
6.6.7. Channeling effects ....................................................................................................................... 37
6.6.8. Compensatory model of motivation ............................................................................................ 37
6.6.9. Leadership motive pattern .......................................................................................................... 38
6.6.10. Leader taxonomy ........................................................................................................................ 38
7. TEAM PROCESSES ................................................................................................................................. 39
7.1. WHAT IS A TEAM? .................................................................................................................................... 39
7.1.1. Non-independence or withing-unit sharedness ........................................................................... 39
7.1.2. Comparing work groups and work teams.................................................................................... 39
7.1.3. The Punctuated-Equilibrium Model ............................................................................................. 39
7.1.4. Five Stage Model ......................................................................................................................... 40
7.2. RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................................................ 40
7.2.1. Socio-psychological vs. organizational ........................................................................................ 40
7.2.2. I-P-O vs. multilevel systems ......................................................................................................... 40
A. Classic input-process-outcome perspective .......................................................................................... 40
B. Multilevel system perspective .............................................................................................................. 41
7.3. TEAM CONFORMITY AND GROUP THINK ......................................................................................................... 41
7.3.1. The confomity study: Ash Experiment ......................................................................................... 41
A. Group cohesiveness ............................................................................................................................. 41
7.3.2. Group think ................................................................................................................................. 42
7.4. MOTIVATIONAL TEAM PROCESSES ................................................................................................................ 42
7.4.1. Team cohesion ............................................................................................................................ 42
A. Team efficacy ....................................................................................................................................... 43
B. Team potency ...................................................................................................................................... 43
C. Team conflict ....................................................................................................................................... 43
7.5. COMPOSITION MODELS .............................................................................................................................. 43
7.5.1. Selected score model ................................................................................................................... 43
7.5.2. Summary index model (additive or pooled unconstrained model) ............................................... 44
7.5.3. Consensus model (pooled constrained model) ............................................................................ 44
7.5.4. Referent shift model (convergent model) .................................................................................... 44
7.5.5. Dispersion model (configural model) ........................................................................................... 44
7.6. BEHAVIORAL TEAM PROCESSES .................................................................................................................... 44
7.6.1. Team member competencies ...................................................................................................... 44
7.6.2. Trait configurations ..................................................................................................................... 45
7.7. TEAM PROFILES ........................................................................................................................................ 45
7.8. COGNITIVE TEAM PROCESSES ....................................................................................................................... 45
7.8.1. Measuring shared mental models ............................................................................................... 45
7.8.2. Measuring transactive memory systems ..................................................................................... 46
7.8.3. Effectiveness............................................................................................................................... 46
7.9. TEAM-RESEARCH ACROSS LEVELS .................................................................................................................. 46
7.10. NEW TYPES OF TEAMS ............................................................................................................................... 47
3
, 7.10.1. Four types of teams ..................................................................................................................... 47
7.10.2. Multi team systems ..................................................................................................................... 47
7.11. EIGHT STEPS OF CHANGE ............................................................................................................................ 47
8. LEADERSHIP .......................................................................................................................................... 48
8.1. THE FORGOTTEN ONES: BEHAVIOR ................................................................................................................ 48
8.2. FIEDLER’S MODEL: CONTINGENCY ................................................................................................................. 48
8.3. LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE THEORY (LMX) ................................................................................................ 48
8.4. FULL RANGE MODEL .................................................................................................................................. 49
8.4.1. Transformational vs. Transactional leadership............................................................................ 49
A. Meta-analysis by Judge & Piccolo (2004) ............................................................................................. 50
B. Ling et al. (2008): CEO transformational leadership and firm size ....................................................... 50
C. Critiques ............................................................................................................................................... 50
8.5. BIG FIVE ................................................................................................................................................. 51
8.6. TRUST .................................................................................................................................................... 51
8.7. MENTORING ............................................................................................................................................ 52
8.8. CRITIQUE ................................................................................................................................................ 52
8.9. WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP .......................................................................................................................... 52
9. COMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................................ 53
9.1. PROCESS ................................................................................................................................................. 53
9.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................ 53
9.2.1. Small-group networks ................................................................................................................. 53
9.3. RICHNESS ................................................................................................................................................ 53
9.3.1. Email ........................................................................................................................................... 53
10. POLITICS AND NEGOTIATION ............................................................................................................. 54
10.1. CONFLICT ................................................................................................................................................ 54
10.1.1. Traditional view........................................................................................................................... 54
10.1.2. Interactionist view ....................................................................................................................... 54
10.1.3. Conflict and unit performance ..................................................................................................... 54
10.1.4. The conflict processes ................................................................................................................. 54
10.1.5. Team conflict............................................................................................................................... 55
10.2. NEGOTIATING .......................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2.1. Distributive and integrative bargaining ....................................................................................... 55
10.2.2. The negotiation process .............................................................................................................. 56
10.2.3. Individual differences .................................................................................................................. 56
A. Personality ........................................................................................................................................... 56
B. Culture ................................................................................................................................................. 57
C. Gender ................................................................................................................................................. 57
10.2.4. Third-party negotiations.............................................................................................................. 57
10.3. POWER................................................................................................................................................... 58
10.3.1. Leadership and power ................................................................................................................. 58
10.3.2. Five bases of power ..................................................................................................................... 58
10.3.3. Nine power tactics....................................................................................................................... 58
10.4. POLITICS ................................................................................................................................................. 59
10.4.1. Study about networking .............................................................................................................. 60
10.4.2. Political skill, overall vocational evaluation and job performance. .............................................. 60
11. THE ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................. 61
11.1. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.1. Work specialization ..................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.2. Departmentalization ................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.3. Chain of command ...................................................................................................................... 61
11.1.4. Span of control ............................................................................................................................ 61
11.1.5. Centralization, formalization and boundary spanning................................................................. 61
11.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ........................................................................................................................ 63
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