REPLICATION CYCLES + THERAPY
Virus Genome Replication cycle Therapy
Ebola virus Class V: (-)ss The virus’ glycoproteins bind to the cell’s receptor => virus is - Remdesivir = classical anti-viral broad-spectrum
(Filovirus) RNA taken up in the cell by macro pinocytosis. The virus is now in molecule: rather disappointing in patients
Envelope the endosome. It contains cathepsins = cellular proteins - Zmapp: triple monoclonal antibody
required by the virus to cleave the glycoprotein. The - Mab114: single monoclonal antibody
glycoprotein will be triggered in 2 ways: triggered by the - REGN-EB3: triple monoclonal antibody
decrease in pH in the endosome (where it binds with the This clinical trial showed that mortality with REGN-EB3 and
Niemann Pick 1 receptor, NPC1) but also by cleaving cellular Mab114 was reduced. It is also used to today; monoclonal
cathepsin proteins. This allows the viral genetic material to be Ab are the go-to treatments. IV administration!
released from the endosome after the 2 membranes fused. It
is an RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm. Negative 2 vaccines:
sense RNA needs to be transcribed into mRNA => mRNA - Ervebo: a recombinant vesicular stomatatus virus
translated on the cell’s ribosomes => production of viral (on market by Merck): single shot vaccine
proteins. At the same time the negative strand is copied into a - Zabdeno & Mvabea: from J&J, a 2 shot vaccine. Not
plus sense strand which serves as a template for more very useful in a setting like central Africa to call
negative sense, for genomic copies (all done by RdRp). The back people for their second shot.
proteins and the genomic copies will be integrated into new
viral particles when they are produced at the cell surface. They
bud from the host cell’s membrane, acquiring the lipid
membrane.
Lassa virus Class V: (-)ss What is of interest in this infection cycle, is that it uses 2 /
(Arenaviridae, RNA receptors. It attaches with a receptor at the cell surface (with Difficulty with diagnostics because of the genomic diversity
old world) (segmented) the dystroglycan receptor) which generates a conformational PCR needed that can cope with this wide genomic diversity.
Envelope change in the lassa virus glycoprotein, which drives the uptake
of the virus particle in the endosome. In the endosome during
acidification, it shifts to LAMP1 receptor, driven by the
acidification process. The interaction with LAMP1 allows the
fusion process to occur and the genetic material escape from
the endosome.
Not many viruses shift receptors during the entry process.
, Respiratory Class VI: (-)ss The G-protein in the envelope of the virus attaches on the cell. There is NO vaccine! Treatment is not pathogen specific,
syncytial virus RNA The F-protein will cause fusion with between the 2 mostly based on respiratory support.
(RSV) Enveloped membranes so that the genome will be released in the cell.
(Pneumovirida RdRp will start copying the genome into the positive strand Prevention by NPI’s
e) antigenome which will be used as a template to make more
negative strands. RdRp will also make mRNA from the negative Prophylaxis against RSV in high-risk infants is performed
strand which will be translated into (nonstructural and worldwide with monoclonal antibodies (palivizumab) but
structural) proteins on the cell’s ribosomes. At the end, very expensive.
everything will assemble at the cell’s surface and the new virus
particle will leave the cell through budding (while gaining an
envelope).
Human Class VI: (-)ss Same replication cycle as RSV Once there is a vaccine for RSV, this gives hMPV the
Metapneumov RNA opportunity to spread so for hMPV, a vaccine is also
irus (hMPV) Enveloped needed.
(Pneumovirida
e)
Adenovirus Class I: dsDNA The virus enters the cell through endocytosis. dsDNA genome, No proven antiviral drug so treatment is mainly
(Adenoviridae) Non-enveloped so it needs to go the nucleus. DNA viruses usually use symptomatic.
everything in the cell to replicate. They use the cellular DNA
polymerases to make DNA and RNA. The virus gets transferred Ribavirin and cidofovir have been used in
to the nucleus and here replication takes place: mRNA is made immunocompromised patients with varying results.
and transferred to the cytoplasm like normal mRNA. The
proteins are made in the cytoplasm, and they transfer back No vaccine for the public.
into the nucleus where the genome is copied (using host
DdDp). Assembly of the viral proteins and the DNA takes place
in the nucleus.
Major difference between envelope viruses and capsid
viruses: enveloped viruses are continuously released at a slow
pace (budding). Capsid viruses are usually released by lysis:
the capsids accumulate in the cell until the cell is full of capsid
and then it bursts.
Parainfluenza Class V: (-)ss Replication is the same as RSV. No specific treatments, no licensed antiviral (because of
Virus Genome Replication cycle Therapy
Ebola virus Class V: (-)ss The virus’ glycoproteins bind to the cell’s receptor => virus is - Remdesivir = classical anti-viral broad-spectrum
(Filovirus) RNA taken up in the cell by macro pinocytosis. The virus is now in molecule: rather disappointing in patients
Envelope the endosome. It contains cathepsins = cellular proteins - Zmapp: triple monoclonal antibody
required by the virus to cleave the glycoprotein. The - Mab114: single monoclonal antibody
glycoprotein will be triggered in 2 ways: triggered by the - REGN-EB3: triple monoclonal antibody
decrease in pH in the endosome (where it binds with the This clinical trial showed that mortality with REGN-EB3 and
Niemann Pick 1 receptor, NPC1) but also by cleaving cellular Mab114 was reduced. It is also used to today; monoclonal
cathepsin proteins. This allows the viral genetic material to be Ab are the go-to treatments. IV administration!
released from the endosome after the 2 membranes fused. It
is an RNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm. Negative 2 vaccines:
sense RNA needs to be transcribed into mRNA => mRNA - Ervebo: a recombinant vesicular stomatatus virus
translated on the cell’s ribosomes => production of viral (on market by Merck): single shot vaccine
proteins. At the same time the negative strand is copied into a - Zabdeno & Mvabea: from J&J, a 2 shot vaccine. Not
plus sense strand which serves as a template for more very useful in a setting like central Africa to call
negative sense, for genomic copies (all done by RdRp). The back people for their second shot.
proteins and the genomic copies will be integrated into new
viral particles when they are produced at the cell surface. They
bud from the host cell’s membrane, acquiring the lipid
membrane.
Lassa virus Class V: (-)ss What is of interest in this infection cycle, is that it uses 2 /
(Arenaviridae, RNA receptors. It attaches with a receptor at the cell surface (with Difficulty with diagnostics because of the genomic diversity
old world) (segmented) the dystroglycan receptor) which generates a conformational PCR needed that can cope with this wide genomic diversity.
Envelope change in the lassa virus glycoprotein, which drives the uptake
of the virus particle in the endosome. In the endosome during
acidification, it shifts to LAMP1 receptor, driven by the
acidification process. The interaction with LAMP1 allows the
fusion process to occur and the genetic material escape from
the endosome.
Not many viruses shift receptors during the entry process.
, Respiratory Class VI: (-)ss The G-protein in the envelope of the virus attaches on the cell. There is NO vaccine! Treatment is not pathogen specific,
syncytial virus RNA The F-protein will cause fusion with between the 2 mostly based on respiratory support.
(RSV) Enveloped membranes so that the genome will be released in the cell.
(Pneumovirida RdRp will start copying the genome into the positive strand Prevention by NPI’s
e) antigenome which will be used as a template to make more
negative strands. RdRp will also make mRNA from the negative Prophylaxis against RSV in high-risk infants is performed
strand which will be translated into (nonstructural and worldwide with monoclonal antibodies (palivizumab) but
structural) proteins on the cell’s ribosomes. At the end, very expensive.
everything will assemble at the cell’s surface and the new virus
particle will leave the cell through budding (while gaining an
envelope).
Human Class VI: (-)ss Same replication cycle as RSV Once there is a vaccine for RSV, this gives hMPV the
Metapneumov RNA opportunity to spread so for hMPV, a vaccine is also
irus (hMPV) Enveloped needed.
(Pneumovirida
e)
Adenovirus Class I: dsDNA The virus enters the cell through endocytosis. dsDNA genome, No proven antiviral drug so treatment is mainly
(Adenoviridae) Non-enveloped so it needs to go the nucleus. DNA viruses usually use symptomatic.
everything in the cell to replicate. They use the cellular DNA
polymerases to make DNA and RNA. The virus gets transferred Ribavirin and cidofovir have been used in
to the nucleus and here replication takes place: mRNA is made immunocompromised patients with varying results.
and transferred to the cytoplasm like normal mRNA. The
proteins are made in the cytoplasm, and they transfer back No vaccine for the public.
into the nucleus where the genome is copied (using host
DdDp). Assembly of the viral proteins and the DNA takes place
in the nucleus.
Major difference between envelope viruses and capsid
viruses: enveloped viruses are continuously released at a slow
pace (budding). Capsid viruses are usually released by lysis:
the capsids accumulate in the cell until the cell is full of capsid
and then it bursts.
Parainfluenza Class V: (-)ss Replication is the same as RSV. No specific treatments, no licensed antiviral (because of
