DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION BY CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK

DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION BY CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK. Which cellular actions are carried out during the process of protein synthesis? Select all that apply. 1. DNA directs the cell to carry out the process. 2. Transcription occurs in the ribosome of the cell. 3. Protein translation takes place in the cell nucleus. 4. RNA is single-stranded and travels outside the nucleus. 5. In RNA, the pyrimidine base thymine is replaced with uracil. 24. Which characteristics are specific to RNA during protein synthesis? Select all that apply. 1. Presence of ribose pentose sugar 2. Presence of single-stranded helix 3. Presence of double-stranded helix 4. Presence of deoxyribose pentose sugar 5. Presence of uracil and cytosine as a pyrimidine base 25. Which are the purine bases found in DNA? Select all that apply. 1. Uracil 2. Adenine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine 5. Cytosine NURSINGTB.COM DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 1 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump) Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions and more soluble to potassium ions. 2 This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment. 3 This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment. NURSINGTB.COM 4 This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 2. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid. 2 This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle. 3 This is incorrect. Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, not activated. DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK 4 This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such as acidosis. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 3. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. In anaerobic energy metabolism, 2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are produced. 2 This is incorrect. In active transport, 3 sodium ions are pumped out. This takes place in the plasma membrane. 3 This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the maximum amount of energy for cellular function. The process yields 34 ATPs. 4 This is incorrect. AerobNiUc RenSeIrgNyGmTeBCliOsmM produces 34 ATPs, not 53. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 4. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical-shaped organelles of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid. 2 This is correct. Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to their energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells have fewer mitochondria. 3 This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is not affected by the cell’s energy needs. 4 This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains double-stranded helical chains DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK containing various sequences of nucleotides. Its numbers are not affected by the cell’s energy needs. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 5. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to exercise. 2 This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy. 3 This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is noxious to cells and doNesUnRoSt IcrNeaGteTeBCgyO.M 4 This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of mitochondria found in muscle cells. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 6. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 4 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Ribosomes>Endoplasmic Reticulum Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during endoplasmic reticulum stress. 2 This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in the energy metabolism. It does not interfere with protein synthesis. 3 This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, the DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK ribosomal protein synthesis ceases. 4 This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not cease the process of protein synthesis. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 7. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and Microfilaments Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. The cilia are responsible for propelling the mucus and inhaled debris out of the lungs using a sweeping motion. 2 This is incorrect. Microfilaments help in changing the shape of certain cells, such as macrophages, and help with contraction of muscle. 3 This is incorrect. Secretory vesicles store substances, such as hormones, that are secreted by cells before they are released into the extracellular space. 4 This is incorrect. The eNn UdoRp SlaIsmNi Gc TreBCluOmMaids in the transport of the synthesized protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 8. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and Microfilaments Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. Actin and myosin are the key proteins in the contractile unit of the muscle cells. 2 This is incorrect. Prohormone and tubulin are not the key elements in the contractile units of the muscle cells. Prohormones are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be converted into complete hormones, and tubulin is associated with microtubule formation. 3 This is incorrect. Tubulin and actin are not the key proteins in the contractile DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK units of the muscle cells. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of tubulin. So tubulin is associated with microtubule formation. 4 This is incorrect. Prohormones are not one of the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells. They are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be converted into complete hormones. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 9. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Lysosomes>Lack of Lysosomal Enzymes and Disease Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. A deficiency of proteasome in the cell does not cause Tay– Sachs disease. Proteasome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes similar to lysosomes. Proteasomes degrade polypeptide chains and proteins. 2 This is incorrect. A deficiency of peroxisomes in the cell does not cause Tay– Sachs disease. PeNroUxiRsoSmIeNsGcoTnBCdOigMestive enzymes such as lysosomes. Peroxisomes break down the long-chain fatty acids and free radicals. 3 This is incorrect. A deficiency of macrophages in the body does not cause Tay–Sachs disease. Macrophages are the major defensive white blood cells of the body. They contain a large number of lysosomes. 4 This is correct. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, proteases, and lipases to degrade the ingested foreign substances and cellular debris. Tay–Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. It results because of the buildup of lipids in the brain and spinal cord. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 10. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 4 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Proteasomes and Peroxisomes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK Feedback 1 This is incorrect. The deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, as in Tay–Sachs disease, causes the accumulation of ganglioside in the central nervous system. 2 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of cellular proteins. In severe hypoxic states, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases, resulting in decreased synthesis of protein. 3 This is incorrect. Cachexia, or wasting of body mass, is associated with accelerated proteasome activity. It is often seen in conditions such as cancer. 4 This is correct. Adrenoleukodystrophy is associated with dysfunction of the peroxisomes. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system. The disease causes the deterioration of the nervous system and eventually leads to death. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 11. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 4 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate NURSINGTB.COM Feedback 1 This is correct. Proteins are rapidly degraded during ER stress. 2 This is incorrect. Proteins cannot travel to their exact intracellular locations during ER stress. 3 This is incorrect. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system is not associated with ER stress. 4 This is incorrect. Accumulation of nondegraded substances in the cells occurs because of the lack of lysosomal enzymes, but not as a result of ER stress. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 12. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Ribosomes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK Feedback 1 This is correct. Ribosomes are known as the protein factories of the cell. Different types of cells produce different types of proteins. For example, ribosomes in pancreatic beta islet cells synthesize the proteins that make up insulin. The inability results in type 1 diabetes mellitus, a condition where the body is unable to produce insulin. 2 This is incorrect. Once ribosomes complete protein synthesis, the proteins are transported via the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus to be processed, packaged, and secreted. Impairment of this process does not result in type 1 diabetes mellitus. 3 This is incorrect. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of protein subunits called tubulin. They have a dynamic structure, meaning that they are constantly being formed, broken down, and reformed. Stagnation of the process does not occur. 4 This is incorrect. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that act as a transport system within the cell and help in the transport of proteins. Impairment of this process does not result in type 1 diabetes mellitus. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 13. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Distinguish between the components that make up DNA versus RNA. Page: 6 Heading: Cell Structure andNFUuRncStiIonN>GDTNBA.RCeOpMlication Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays an important role in the assembly of proteins, but would not be examined as a source of severe deformities in a newborn. 2 This is incorrect. Proteins manufactured by ribosomes are destined to become parts of the cell, enzymes, or exported protein secretions. Different types of cells manufacture different proteins. However, ribosomal RNA is not examined for a cause of severe deformities in a newborn. 3 This is correct. In the event of severe physical deformities, the double helix of DNA will be examined for identifiable defects. The findings will identify the cause. The DNA of the parents will also be examined to aid in the identification of the condition being genetically transferred. 4 This is incorrect. It is theorized that in aging and in disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and heart failure, mitochondrial DNA undergoes mutations. Diseases that target mitochondria specifically may be caused by injury of mitochondria occurring in the cells of different organs. Mitochondrial disease causes a wide DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK array of problems, including energy depletion and severe muscle weakness, but not severe deformities. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 14. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondrial DNA Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is correct. Muscle cramping and acidosis occur when the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply during energy metabolism. The oxygen level decreases slightly as the hiker climbs up the mountain into higher altitudes. 2 This is incorrect. Autolysis is the process in which lysosomes release digestive enzymes to destroy the parts of the dead cells. This process does not cause muscle cramping and acidosis in a hiker. 3 This is incorrect. Heterolysis is the process in which the lysosomes are used to digest the foreign bodiNesUinRgSeIsteNdGbTyBth.eCmOaMcrophage. This process does not cause muscle cramping and acidosis in a hiker. 4 This is incorrect. When the plasma membrane configuration is altered because of diseases, excess fluids enter the cell’s internal environment and cause swelling, resulting in cellular edema. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 15. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Describe the functions of the nucleus and consequences of DNA damage. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. The pairing of nitrogenous bases provides the DNA with the unique molecular ability to replicate. For example, adenine always binds with thymine. 2 This is incorrect. DNA nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases that are either DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK purines or pyrimidines. 3 This is incorrect. DNA consists of long, double-stranded helical chains containing variable sequences of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule. The presence of nucleotides does not provide DNA molecules the unique ability to replicate. 4 This is incorrect. Nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups are parts of the nucleotide. The presence of nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups do not provide DNA molecules with the unique ability to replicate. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 16. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Describe the functions of the nucleus and consequences of DNA damage. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. A codNoUnRcoSnItaNinGsTthBCnOitMrogenous bases instead of just two. 2 This is correct. Three nitrogenous bases form a codon. Codons are interpreted by the ribosomes during protein synthesis to form specific proteins to meet the cell’s need. 3 This is incorrect. A codon is made up of three nitrogenous bases instead of four. 4 This is incorrect. A codon is made up of three nitrogenous bases instead of five. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 17. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Distinguish between the components that make up DNA versus RNA. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. 2 This is incorrect. DNA is not a polymer of amino acids. 3 This is incorrect. DNA is not a polymer of fatty acids. DAVIS ADVANTAGE FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2ND EDITION CAPRIOTTI TEST BANK 4 This is incorrect. DNA is not a polymer of phosphate. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 18. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Distinguish between the components that make up DNA versus RNA. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Ribosomes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Some ribosomes are freestanding within the cytoplasm, and some are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; both are considered protein factories. 2 This is incorrect. In all cells, protein synthesis by the ribosomes is directed by specific information received from the nucleus but does not involve the cell’s DNA. 3 This is correct. In all cells, protein synthesis by the ribosomes is directed by specific information received from the nucleus regarding the needed protein. 4 This is incorrect. TransNfeUrRRSNIAN(GtRTNBA.)CpOlaMys a key role in the assembly of proteins and does not move the proteins out of the cell. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 19. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell.