Hosa Epidemiology correctly answered 2023

Hosa Epidemiology correctly answered 2023Incidence - correct answer The number of new cases per person per unit of time Prevalence - correct answer The proportion of the population at a given time that has a case Case Fatality Rate - correct answer Ratio of fatal cases to total cases Risk factor - correct answer A definable element of exposure that captures at least one part of the pathway by which the cause increases the risk that a member of the population will meet the criteria of a case. Observational Study - correct answer Study in which events occur without the scientist having controlled starting conditions. Resembles the studies of geology and astronomy. Epidemiology - correct answer The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study is the control of health problems. 5 Ws of Descriptive Epidemiology - correct answer Diagnosis or health event (what), Person (who), Place (where), Time (when) and Modes of Transmission (why/how) Frequency - correct answer Not only the number of health events, but also the relationship of that number to the size of the population. Pattern - correct answer The occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person. Descriptive Epidemiology - correct answer Characterizing health events by time, place, and person. Determinants - correct answer The causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events. Analytic Epidemiology - correct answer Provides the "why" and "how" disease and other health events spread/occur. Public Health Surveillance - correct answer The ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data to help guide public health decision making and action. Field Investigation - correct answer Characterizes the extent of the epidemic and attempts to identify its cause. Shoe Leather Epidemiology - correct answer Slang; the objective is to learn more about the natural history, clinical spectrum, descriptive epidemiology, and risk factors of the disease before determining what disease intervention methods might be appropriate. Analytic Studies - correct answer A study with the purpose of identifying and quantifying the relationship between an exposure and an outcome and to test hypotheses about causal relationships by comparing case-patients and those in an appropriate comparison group (control). Design - correct answer Includes determining the appropriate research strategy and study design, writing justifications and protocols, calculating sample sizes, deciding on criteria for subject selection (e.g., developing case definitions), choosing an appropriate comparison group, and designing questionnaires. Conduct - correct answer Involves securing appropriate clearances and approvals, adhering to appropriate ethical principles, abstracting records, tracking down and interviewing subjects, collecting and handling specimens, and managing the data. Analysis - correct answer Begins with describing the characteristics of the subjects. It progresses to calculation of rates, creation of comparative tables (e.g. two-by-two tables), and computations of measures of association (e.g., chi-square test), confidence intervals, and the like. Interpretation - correct answer Involves putting the study findings into perspective, identifying the key take-home messages, and making sound recommendations. Doing so requires the epidemiologist be knowledgeable about the subject matter and the strengths and weaknesses of the study. Evaluation - correct answer The process of determining, as systematically and objectively as possible, the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, and impact of activities with respect to establish goals. Effectiveness - correct answer Refers to the ability of a program to produce the intended or expected results in the field. Efficacy - correct answer The ability to produce results under ideal conditions. Efficiency - correct answer Refers to the ability of the program to produce the intended results with a minimum expenditure of time and resources. Formative Evaluation - correct answer Evaluation that focuses on plans. Process Evaluation - correct answer Evaluation that focuses on operations. Summative Evaluation - correct answer Evaluation that focuses on impact. Linkages - correct answer Working in conjunction with members of other disciplines. Case Definition - correct answer A set of standard criteria for classifying whether a person has a particular disease, syndrome, or other health condition. Rate - correct answer The number of cases divided by the size of the population per unit of time. Secular trends - correct answer Long term trends; Assess the prevailing direction of disease occurrence (increasing, decreasing, or essentially flat).