AQA A Level History Tudors- Henry VI questions and answers with complete solution

AQA A-Level History: Henry VII 1. Definition: Usurper A person who takes power by force/illegally, usually through conquest (e.g. Richard III) 2. Why did many think Henry had a weak claim (three reasons)? - Was a 'bastard'; came from illegitimate child (Margaret born before marriage). - Edmund Tudor descended from a chamber servant. - Descent from John of Gaunt was through maternal line. 3. What was Henry Tudor's claim to the throne? John of Gaunt (Lancaster) had children with his mistress, including his mum Margaret Beaufort. 4. What did Henry VII do to secure his claim to the throne? Married Elizabeth of York in 1486 - this united the two houses. 5. Why did Henry wait to marry Elizabeth of York for a long time after his coronation? Made it clear that he was King on the merits of his own claim, not his wife's. Removed threats, as he united the houses. 6. Why spend so much at Henry VII's coronation? Examples? Wanted it to be better than Richard III's coronation festivities = powerful image. 7. How did Henry enhance his personal security? Established own bodyguard (like French) called the Yeomen of the Guard (by end of reign; 200) 8. Farming in England at the start of Henry VII's rule? - Enclosure; Common land being fenced off by Lords, taking away people's rights (often happened). - Loss of arable/crop farming. - Regional variation; pastoral (e.g. herding animals). 9. Had a common law/language (except Cornwall); 1) King - ruled by divine right (also gave Church lots of 1 / 35 Order of Society at the start of Henry VII's rule? political power/influence). 2) Nobels - passed through primogeniture (eldest son inherits) + owned lots of land = influence. Relied on by King to ensure order in regions. 3) Gentry 4) Merchants 5) Commoners 6) Beggars - suffered due to price rises/enclosures 10. The Cloth Industry at the start of Henry VII's rule (4)? - 80% of exports - Markets included HRE + Burgundian Netherlands - Finishing; final wool manufacture stage that happened on continent. - Custom Duties; taxes on im/exports, acted as royal revenue source. 11. The country itself at the start of Henry VII's rule (5)? - 3 mil population (90% in small towns) - Largest was London; people lived in cramped conditions - Unevenly distributed Urban areas - Small settlements could be important, as centres for local government. - N. England angry at Rich III's defeat; he had been from there. 12. Scotland's + England at the start of Henry VII's rule (5)? - Had own King - 400k citizens; average salary of £8k - Monarch relied on Nobels; vulnerable. - Rugged country = hard for English conquest. - French Auld Alliance could expose both sides of England). - Border raids made Berwick and Carlise garrisons permanent (econ. draining). - England invaded in 1481. 13. Ireland + England at the start of Henry VII's rule (3)? - 1461; English influence limited to Pale of Dublin. - Rest governed by Chiefs (e.g. Fitzgerald's of Kildare). - Springboard for Invasions, and had Yorkist sympathies. 14. 2 / 35 Wales + England at the start of Henry VII's rule? Sense of separateness from England, as expressed through 15th century Glyndwr Wars. 15. Brittany at the start of Henry VII's rule? Independent dutchy ruled by Francis II - this is where Henry fled as a child. 16. England + Europe at the start of Henry VII's rule (5)? - Little involvement since 100 years War (ended in 1483) - Vulnerable w/ limited forces - Controlled Calais - Antwerp, Netherlands important for Cloth industry - Yorkist pretenders may be backed by foreign invaders 17. France at the start of Henry VII's rule (4)? - Led by Charles VIII - Largest/most professional army in Europe - Financially strong due to taxes - 'Rejuvenated' France wanted Milan, Naples and Brittany. 18. Italy at the start of Henry VII's rule (5)? - Doesn't exist, mainly city states; Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples + Papal States. - Weak state system, but wealthy - At 'crossroads' of Europe - Renaissance - France + Hapsburg Empire had claims to it. 19. Spain at the start of Henry VII's rule (6)? - Ruled by Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Castille since 1479 - 'International existence' w/ rejuvenated army - Wanted Muslims out Grenada since 'La Reconquista' in 1482. - Secure N. borders w/ Cardagne, Roussillon and (French) Navarre. - Ferdinand had claim to Naples. - All this = possible French conflict. 20. Holy Roman Empire at the start of Henry VII's rule (5)? - 20 mill citizens - Emperors inc. Maximillian and Frederick III - Large and strong (many states) - Had claims to Italy, and gained Burgundy when Max 3 / 35 married Margaret of Burgundy. - Ottoman Empire was a threat; Expansionist Muslim Empire 21. Burgundy at start of Henry VII's rule? - Key for cloth trade - Ed IV's sister, Margaret of Burgundy could act vs England 22. Date: Predating of Henry VII's reign? September 1485 23. Date: Henry VII's coronation? October 1485 24. Date: Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York? January 1486 25. Date: Henry VII's progress through kingdom? March 1486 26. Why was Henry VII's progress important? 'Visible King' for subjects as a form of propoganda to glorify position. 27. Date: Lovell/Stafford Uprising? July 1486 28. Date: Prince Arthur's birth? September 1486 29. What was the importance of Prince Arthur's birth? Was born with a stronger claim to the throne than either of his parents. 4 / 35 30. Date: Coronation of Elizabeth of York? November 1487 31. Definition: Act of Attainder Formally confiscating a nobles land. 32. Why did Henry date the official beginning of his reign to the day before BOBF? Allowed him to accuse all of Richard III's supporters of treason; could punish them all, removing their threat. 33. Why did Henry have his coronation on the 30th October, before the first Parliament on the 7th November? Wanted it to be clear he owed nothing to Parliamentary support, making it clear that he is the King due to his own claims. 34. Why did Henry's Parliament grant him custom revenue's incomes? More financial income = more secure as he could buy soldiers to stop threats if necessary. Also financially independent so didn't need to renew Parliamentary grant s for custom duties. 35. What was the importance of passing the Act of Attainders for Henry VII? Deprived nobles of land, making Henry more financially secure and weakening his opposing forces. 36. What did Henry do to Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, after the BOBF (Yorkist)? Kept him in prison until 1489 when Henry was satisfied with his intentions and freed him. 37. What did Henry do to Released in 1485 and allowed to control North England so that he could prove his loyalty to Henry. 5 / 35 Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, after the BOBF (Yorkist)? 38. What did Henry do to Edward, the Earl or Warwick, after the BOBF (Yorkist)? Sent to the tower where he lived in comfort. 39. What did Henry do to John De La Pole, Earl of Lincoln, after the BOBF (Yorkist)? John pledged his loyalty to Henry and was ultimately given a role on the council. 40. What did Henry do to most Lancastrians after BOBF? Handed out 11 knighthoods in total. 41. What did Henry do to William Stanley after the BOBF (Lancastrian)? Made him Lord Chamberlain 42. What did Henry do to Thomas, Lord Stanley after the BOBF (Lancastrian)? Made him the Earl of Derby and Regional Magnate in NW England, after the help he gave him as his step-father (married to Margaret) at BOBF. 43. What did Henry do to Jasper Tudor after the BOBF (Lancastrian)? Made him the Duke of Bedford, Chief Justice of Wales, Constable of all Welsh March Castles and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Henry was willing to give him so many titles as he knew his uncle had no heirs to threaten Henry's rule. 6 / 35 44. What did Henry do to Reginald Bray after the BOBF (Lancastrian) Seen as his Chief Executive - led the Council of Learned in Law () after his help in raising funds for Henry before BOBF. 45. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Education - Increasing literacy - People spending more money on education - Noblemen were visiting other countries to expand knowledge 46. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Parliament A.R. Myers; "Crown could not do without cooperation of Parliament" 47. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Printing Press Produced lots of educational and religious texts. 48. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Royal Finances Ed IV stated to HOC (1467) that "I purpose to live upon my own + not to charge my subjects but in great and urgent causes". 49. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Poverty - Many years of epidemic since 1400 - Prices rising due to recent bad harvests 50. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Role of Nobility - He had to delegate power to nobles to control and keep order in certain areas - Dangerous; his predecessors Edward V and Edward IV had both been deposed of by their nobles 51. Henry's Priorities in 1485: North England Richard III had been from N.England, so was high risk of uprisings here. 52. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Overseas Expansion - Recently, Portuguese ships had explored the African coast creating potential new trades - Also developing new routes to the East 7 / 35 53. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Religion - Belonged to the Pope and Roman Catholic Church - At this point, people were mostly dedicated to Catholicism, "attending mass everyday" (1497 - Venetian Ambassador). 54. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Foreign Relations - Burgundian Aid was given to Edward IV in 1471 - 1475; Ed IV's invasion of France led to a treaty and payment to England - Recieved French aid for Henry VI's invasions in 1470, and also Henry VII's one in 1485 - Burgundy, led by Richard III's sister Margaret, wanted to stay independent from France - By 1485, France was regaining territory from 150yrs of war, but the English held claims to these lands 55. Henry's Priorities in 1485: Public Order - Should learn from Edward IV's failures to meet people's expectations in the 1460s. - Lords influence had recently increased over the courts, meaning they could take over land with no punishments 56. When was the Lovell rebellion? 1486 57. What caused the Lovell Rebellion? Lovell and other leader Stafford had been supporters of Richard III and the Yorkists, so wanted the Lancastrian Henry off the throne 58. Who led the Lovell Rebellion? Francis Lovell and Humphrey Stafford 59. What happened during the Lovell Rebellion? - Stafford tried to raise military support in Midlands - Also tried to raise support in Richard III's heartland, North Yorkshire - The uprising failed due to the lack of support and lack of a replacement for Henry 60. What was the aftermath of the Lovell escaped to Burgundy + Stafford captured and executed. 8 / 35 Lovell Rebellion? 61. Definition: Pretender A person who claims/aspires to a title/position held by someone else. 62. When was the Simnel rebellion? 1487 63. Name the two pretenders who posed as threat to Henry VII's early reign? Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck 64. Who led the Simnel rebellion? - Lambert Simnel; pretender of the Earl of Warwick (who was actually imprisoned in the Tower) - John De La Pole; organiser of rebellion, who was a Yorkist claimant and the Earl of Lincoln. 65. What caused the Simnel Rebellion? Yorkists wanted Henry off throne; needed a figurehead for their cause to pose as a Yorkist noble (Simnel) and also a source of finance. 66. Who supported the Simnel Rebellion? Financially; Margaret of Burgundy funded mercenaries Public support; those in North Yorkshire (even after Northumberland had been placed in power). 67. What were the events of the Simnel Rebellion before the Battle? 1) Henry parades real Earl around London to prove Simnel is fake - unsuccessful 2) Henry reinstates the Earl of Northumberland (Yorkist supporter) into power to lead North and neutralise rebellion support, and also reinforced East Anglia Coastal Defences 68. What happened during the Battle of Stokefield (Simnel)? Henry's 12k soldiers (led by Oxford) easily defeated La Pole's 8k force, and also killed him. More casualties than even seen at BOBF. 9 / 35 69. What was the aftermath of Simnel's Rebellion? - Henry used Bonds of Good behaviour to financially help well-behaved landowners - Was a worrying event for Henry as Warwick had a better claim than him; alike scenario to when he killed Richard III at BOBF. 70. When did Warbeck first claim to be Richard of York? 1491 71. What was Richard of York's claim (Warbeck)? Edward IV's younger son 72. Who did Warbeck gain foreign support from at first? After struggling with his own Irish support, he went to France, who England was currently at war with. 73. Why was Warbeck forced out France? Where did he then go? Henry went to France to negotiate, where it was agreed in the Treaty of Etaples that Warbeck would leave. He fled to Court of 'Aunt' Margaret of York at Flanders (she failed to rally Spanish support for him). 74. Before reaching Scotland, who did Warbeck attempt to gain support from? Those in Kent and Waterford in Ireland, showing he was unpopular amongst the people. 75. Which of Henry's closest men supported Warbeck? The Lord Chamberlain, William Stanley. 76. Why did Scottish King James IV support Warbeck? He wanted war with England. 10 / 35 AQA A-Level History: Henry VII (Key Facts/Terms) Study online at 77. What was Henry's reaction to Warbeck and Scotland? - Council authorised a 120k loan to deal with the issue - Emergency taxation throughout kingdom - Marital Law declared - Marched Swiss and German battalions North 78. When did Warbeck first attempt to enter England? Why did it fail? 1496 - failed due to a lack of support and the increased border welfare. 79. When did Warbeck arrive in Cornwall? With how many men? September 1497 - 120 men (little support left). 80. Why did the Cornish agree to help Warbeck? Had recently been defeated Henry at the Battle of Blackheath over overzealous tax collections to fund campaign against Warbeck and Scots, and increases in royal restrictions over tin mining - 1k of them killed at that battle, so had resentment for Henry 81. How was Warbeck's rebellion shut down? He surrendered by the time they reached Taunton - was imprisoned in the Tower of London, but later executed for conspiracy. 82. Impacts of Warbeck's rebellion? - Henry lost trust in Pricy Chamber after Stanley's involvement in the plot was discovered. - The Privy Chamber and its workings were made more secure in that only Henry and a few other senior members actually knew all about its work. 83. When was the Yorkshire Rebellion? 1489 84. What were the two triggers of - Yorkshire had had bad harvest recently. - Angered at the Parliamentary tax for Brittany crisis; believed it was wrong that they had to both defend from 11 / 35 the Yorkshire Rebellion? Scots and pay the tax when other counties up North didn't have to do either. 85. Who led the Yorkshire Rebellion? What did he do? John Egremont - he killed the Earl of Northumberland after he had been to Henry about the situation. 86. How was the Yorkshire Rebellion shut down? Earl of Surrey defeated them outside York on Henry's behalf. 87. What was the outcome of the Yorkshire Rebellion? Egremont fled to Flanders, Henry pardoned the other rebellions and didn't even receive the full compensation tax demanded by Parliament; only got 27k/100k 88. Who was Edmund De La Pole? When did he leave the court? Had been a prominent figure at Henry's court before fleeing in 1501 to the HRE's court of Maximilian when he received poor treatment by Henry. 89. What did Henry do to try and gain control over Edmund De La Pole? - Paid £10k for him to be out of the HRE. - When La Pole stayed with Phillip of Burgundy, he paid 108k in guarantees for him to give him up to Henry. 90. When and why did Phillip of Burgundy give up Edmund De La Pole to Henry? Phillip was shipwrecked in England, and later coerced into giving up Edmund to Henry in the Treaty of Windsor - handed him over in 1506. 91. What was Henry's relationship with Ireland like after the Pretenders? He removed the Kildare's from power and replaced them with Poynings in 1483. Poynings introduced a law that stated no Irish Parliament was to be summoned to pass laws without the English government's support - he also imprisoned and claimed the land of the Kildare's. 12 / 35 AQA A-Level History: Henry VII (Key Facts/Terms) Study online at 92. When did Henry recall Poynings? Why and what did he do instead? 1496 - got too expensive, so allowed Kildare to come back and rule, eventually forming a good relationship with him. 93. Government; Crown - Henry himself Ruled and made all decisions relating to security, war, advisors and when Parliament met 94. Government; Role of Court? Entertained Monarch + provided with whatever he wanted and travelled with him -were good ads for foreign guests. Could form factions when matters caused different views. Increased funding in due to less mighty nobles. Known as the centre of patronage (i.e. distribution of jobs as gift from King). 95. Government; Role of Parliament (3) - Met 7x in his rule and were called/dismissed at his needs; at start of reign, recognised his title to the throne, passed Attainders, passed acts about JPs responsibilities and voted on taxes - 1504; agreed to only £40k in taxes, not the £90k H had requested - ignored as believed he didn't need as there was no war - 1504; forbade corporations from making regulations without H's approval; proved it was as imporant to serve King's needs as it was to pass legis 96. Government; What did H use as a Consultative Body instead of Parliament? Called five Great Councils between when major issues occurred, including nobles - used to reinforce his legitimacy when necessary 97. Government; Role of the Royal Household? Looked after H's domestic needs and travelled with him - also part of his court 98. 13 / 35 Government; Role of the Star Chamber? Where the government interrogated nobles to reduce their power and ensure common law was kept equal for all - est in 1487 99. Government; Role of the Privy Chamber? Led by Groom of the stool, and were gentlemen all personally chosen by King - could influence him, but were of low status so had little effect, especially after William Stanley's betrayal over Warbeck in 1497 when H lost trust 100. Government; Role of Justices of the Peace? JPs were made by Henry to balance out noble power; they maintained law and order in the counties. There were 18 of them, who were all a mix of large/small landowners, however as they were unpaid they adopted illicit practices leading to corruption - this caused social disgrace if they neglected their role 101. Government; Name the three reforms made to JPs? - 1485; could arrest/question disguised hunters + poachers, on the basis that they could be cover for murder or even treason - 1487; could grant bail to those awaiting trial - 1495; could replace Jury if they suspected them of bribery 102. Government; Role of the Privy Council? Had subcommittees like the Council Learned - the 40/50 advisors were chosen by the King and were usually nobility, Church members, lawyers or household officers. They were central to administration; acted as court dealing with direct issues to the King. Usually its law meeting attendance was low, with 6-7 alone, including lawyer, peers, clerics and a Knight 103. Government; Role of the Council Learned? (4) - Set up in 1485 to report to Henry - Defended his role as owning 'Crown Lands' so could get all feudal dues, this setting up his authority - Leaders included Dudley + Empson, and they enforced these rights to inflict huge expenses onto subjects while acting with impunity - Could override legal processes to fabricate and say people broke bonds; rigged judges using their senior advisors 14 / 35 104. Government; Who was John Morton? (4) - Churchman and Lawyer who worked against Richard III - Became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1486 - Named Lord Chancellor (senior of PC) in 1487 - Also became cardinal (leader in Catholic Church) in 1483 105. Government; Who was Margaret Beaufort? Henry's mother, whose third husband was Thomas Stanley - both were important unofficial advisors to H 106. Government; Who was Thomas Stanley? H's stepfather who supported him in BOBF - Earl of Derby and Regional Magnate (i.e. high ranking nobility) in NW England. His brother however, William, was executed in 1495 for helping Warbeck 107. Government; Who was Jasper Tudor? Henry's uncle, the Duke of Bedford - he trusted him to be his representative for royal authority in Wales by having him lead the Council of Wales 108. Government; Who was Reginald Bray? Helped King raise funds before BOBF - was Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster and led his Council Learned in Law from as his Chief Executive 109. Government; Who were Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley? Both were Leaders of the Council Learned and became accountable for all H's decisions after his death - led to their execution for treason by HVIII 110. What were Henry's main problems with the Nobility (4)? - After being exiled, Henry needed their help to rule and prevent rebellions. - The problems of the 1450-60s caused by nobles had exploited previous Kings. - Many owned large amounts of land (=power) so Henry needed to ensure authority over them. - Henry himself was a usurper; nothing to stop a noble overthrowing him.