AQA psychology- social influence questions and answers with complete solutions

AQA psychology- social influence questions and answers with complete solutions What are the 3 types of confomrity 1) compiance 2) identification 3)internalistation What does internalisation mean? When a person genuinely accepts the groups norms and public and privately changes their opinions and behaviours, this is normally a permanent change What does identification mean? Sometimes we conform to the opinions of the group because there is something that we value, we change our view publicity because we want to be part of it even if we privately done agree with everything the group stand for What does compliance mean? This is when you just go along with other in public but privately don't change your behaviour or opinions, this behaviour will also stop when a person leaves a group What are the two explain toons for conformity? 1) informational social influence 2) normative social influence What does informational social influence mean? This is when you conform to the group because you want to be right What does normative social influence mean? This is when you conform because you want to fit in and be accepted by the group Evaluate the explanations to conformity Strength: research had be done on informational social influence. Lucas et al ad students to answer a mathematical problems which went from easy to difficult. They found students who said they had poor maths skilled conformed more to the incorrect answers because they assumed the other must be right Weakness: research had been done on normative social influence and its finds it doesn't effect everyone the same because some people are less concerned about fitting in Explain aschs procedure and findings Procedure: tested conformity by showing participant two cards. One card had a length of one vertical line and the other card had three vertical lines one matching the length of the first line on the other card. The test was done on 123 American makes and they was tested individually with a group of 6 confederates. The confederates were told to give the wrong answer when it was obviously right to see if the participant would conform Findings: participants had the wrong answer 37% of the time, 25% never confirmed which means 75% conformed at least once. When interviewed afterwards they said they confirmed because they didn't want to be rejected from the group What are the variations of asch? 1) group size- when there was more confederate a the conformity levels rose 2) unanimity- he wanted to know if a non conforming confederate would effect the conformity rates, he found because one person disagreed with the group it gave them the confidence to act more independently 3) task difficultly- he made the task more difficult by making the lines more similar in size, he found that conformity levels rose because of informational social influence Evaluation of aschs study Weakness: it lacked ecological validity because they were asking participants about the length of lines which had no interest to them or relevance to their real lives Weakness: asch only used American male participants which means women could have acted differently as well as people from differently cultures which means his findings cannot be generalised to everyone Explain zimbarodos Stanford prison experiment Procedure: zimbarodo set up a mock prison in the basement of the psychology department at Stanford university. They advertised in the newspaper for students to volunteer and picked students who were emotionally stable after psychology testing, students were then randomly assigned to the role of a prisoner or guard. The prisoners were arrested at home, blindfolded, strip searched and given a uniform with a number. The guards were also given a uniform, mirror shades, a wooden club and handcuffs. They were told they had complete power over the prisoners but were told not to harm them Findings: the guards took their roles with enthusiasm so much so that the study had to be stopped after 6 days instead of 2 weeks because they were harming prisoners mentally and physically, the prisoners tried to rebell but the prisoners quickly stopped them and they become very anxious and depressed Conclusion: both prisoners and guards conformed to their roles even in some cases a little too much Evaluate zimbarodos study Strength: they were randomly allocated to the roles so there was no demand characteristics to effect the study Weakness: it had been criticised by many people that zimbarodo played two roles the researcher and the guard, many people argued that he lost sight of his responsibilities and let the study go too far Strength: there was a follow up session on the participants a few years later and there was no permanent harm and they were glad they took part in the experiment Explain milgrams obedience study Procedure: milgram recruited 40 mall participants free newspaper adverts he said he was doing an experiment on memory. The patisserie p recruited between 20 to 50 years old and offered for pound 50 to take part they were asked to pick a row out of a hat this was raped a Confederate was always Mr Wallace the learner and they're real participant was always the teacher Mr Wallace was strapped to a chair with electrodes on him in the other room they were told to give him a shock when he got the answer wrong ranging from 50 to 450 V. If the participant was unsure he was to carry on with the experiment experiment to had products e.g. the experiment requires you to continuing Mr Wallace was just screaming and banging say that he has a problem is in the other room and to go quiet when the participant hit 300 V. Findings: no participant stop below 300 V. 65% went to the whole 450 V many participants show side of extreme tension e.g. sweating lit by Ian and three even had seizures. Oh participants were debriefed and shine that Mr Wallace was fine after the experiment had finished. Evaluation of milgrams study Weakness: some people believe that the purchase prints know that it wasn't real because they are in a poor state university and do that they really wouldn't hurt another person Strength: because it was a lab experiment everything was highly controlled and clearly showed how people are by 30 figures by the set up and the correct procedure to study obedience What was the situational variables of milgrams study 1) proximity- they changed the gap between Mr Wallace and the teacher so that he was closer more people refused to conform 2) location- they took participants to rundown building instead of Stanford university. Obedience levels dropped 3) uniform- The original experiment or a lab coat, they had the experiment when normal Clive to save performing the level of change conforming levels dropped due to lack of uniform Evaluate the variables of Milgram study Strength: I feel study was done by Pickman he had someone wearing shirt and tie or security guard outfit. Public members were asked to pick up litter or asked for a coin from for the parking meter people about the security guard and not the person in the shirts and tie support immigrant milligrams very that uniform plays an important part with obedience Strength: he study was highly controlled because of this people of been able to replicate and get the same results meaning that he is finding is a valuable and correct Explain what the agentic state is, the Autonomonus state is and what the binding factors are The agentic states it's when the person things that are not responsible for their own actions because they're acting on behalf of someone else who was given the orders The Autonomonus state is when a person behaves freely by their own principles and Are responsible for their own actions Bindings factors allow a person to ignore me when I am minimise the effect of their behaviour and reduces moral strain Evaluation of the agentic state Witness: it is very limited explanation and doesn't explain why some participants did not obey Strength: blass and schmitt showed students a video of Milgram study and asked them who they thought was the one responsible for the harm to Mr Wallace, supporting that the agentic state is recognised because they said that the experimenter was responsible not the participant Explain what legitimacy of authority means This means people who are high in the authority higheracy have some power over us e.g. place, parents and nightclub bouncers. This is agreed by society we learn to obey this from a young age and except that they can tell us what to do Disruptive authority-Some authority figures do use their legitimate authority to be disruptive e.g. Hitler this is shown in Milgram study when he uses prods Evaluate legitimacy of authority Strength: cultural differences people from different places react differently to authority figures, people from some places are traditionally more obedient. Milgram study was done in different cultures and the radiance different support in this theory Explain what the authoritarian personality is Procedure: adoro et al investigated the cause of the obedient personality on 2000 middle aged Americans this was use investigated the cause of the obedient personality on 2000 middle aged Americans, there F scout was also used to measure the results Example from the F scale: 1) obedience and respect thought for a T is the most important virtues children should learn 2) there is hardly anything lower than the person who does not feel great loves, gratitude and respect for his parents Findings: people who scored high on the F scale with very obedient to authority Authortian characteristics: highly obedient and high respect for 30. They feel the need to enforce traditional values Origin: don't buy harsh parenting who has strong values of their own Evaluate the authoritarian personality Strength: there is been many supported study showing of the authoritarian personalities affect obedience levels Witness: limited explanation people all have different personalities meaning everyone's reasons for obeying can't always be because they have an authoritarian personality How does social support affect conformity and obedience Conformity: social support can help people resist conformity and make people not follow the majority if other people are doing the same Obedience: social support can also help people to resist obedience, if other people are I bet this obeying it can make people feel confident to do the same Evaluation of social influence Strength for conformity: the research on dissenting peers made resistance to conformity higher, suggesting that is not motivated by what someone says been able someone to be free of the pressure from the group Strength for resistance to obedience: group/Peer support makes people able to disobey authority figures when someone else is doing the same as they feel they have their support What are the four factors which are related to minority influence? 1) consistentancy- constantly thinking and saying the same thing may make people rethink their own ideas 2) commitment-engage in extreme activities to show their commitment and draw attention to their own beliefs 3) flexibility-show that you understand other people's views and I'm not rigid about your own 4) The process of change-all these factors make people change their views on certain topics, this is called thr snowball effect Evaluation of minority social influence Strength: there is been many studies to support consistentcy works in making others rethink e.g. gay marriage Weakness: many people see them is forcing their views upon others and therefore do not listen to what they have to say Explain social changes in African American civil rights movement 1) drawing attention-there was there was black and white separation they brouhht peoples attention to it 2) consistent- many matches which showed consistency in their beliefs even though they were the majority they carried on 3)deeper processing-people he paid attention realise how unjust it was 4)argumentation principle-many people risked their lives some people died before they believed in 5) snowboard affect-after Martin Luther King was murdered legislation was passed for equal rights 6) social cuptomensia- people don't remember don't have memories of events that led up to change but they know that it has Evaluation of social change Weakness: it takes a long time from a minory to influence the majority Strength: social change in primitive people to think more deeply and the way people are, especially if they might majority think is a certain way it makes other individuals do the same