Biology Cells Test questions and answers 2023

Biology Cells Test questions and answers 2023 cell membrane a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell that regulates what comes in and out of the cell and performs catalytic reactions phospholipid bilayer A layer of phospholipids configured so that the hydrophilic heads face outwards, protecting the hydrophobic tails peripheral proteins proteins that attach to the cell membrane and act as receptors, enzymes, or anchors transmembrane proteins proteins located in the cell membrane that allow passage of certain substances carbohydrate tags receptors that provide information on where a certain molecule was made to go attached ribosomes ribosomes that are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and make proteins that are generally intended to go to other cells free ribosomes ribosomes that are free within the cytoplasm and make proteins that deal with cell activity nucleus the large structure within the cell that contains genetic information on how the cell works chromatin genetic material within the nucleus of a cell that is made up of DNA strands wrapped around proteins histones proteins wrapped in DNA that make up chromatin nucleolus a dense area within the nucleus that produces ribosomes and RNA nuclear envelope a double membrane layer that protects the nucleus nuclear pores holes located on the nuclear envelope that allow or restrict the passage of certain substances into the nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum modifies and transports proteins that are made by ribosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids such as cholesterol and steroids through lipid synthesis and deals with detoxification lipid synthesis the process by which the smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids mitochondria organelles that convert energy from food particles into ATP so that other organelles can use it endosymbiotic theory the theory that states that mitochondria were once free prokaryotes and were engulfed by a eukaryote at some point in time animal vacuoles storage spaces for food, waste, and water within animal cells central vacuole storage space within a plant cell that holds water, food, and waste and provides pressure to keep the plant cell strong and rigid golgi apparatus the organelle that labels and packages proteins using carbohydrate tags centrioles organelles that only exist in animal cells and aid in cell division chloroplasts organelles found only in plant cells that that use energy from the sun and convert it into energy-rich food photosynthesis the process by which chloroplasts use energy from the sun to produce energy-rich food for a plant diffusion the process by which molecules in an area of high concentration move to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached