Portage Learning BIOD 152 Essential Lab Human Anatomy & Physiology II Lab 1

Portage Learning BIOD 152 Essential Lab Human Anatomy & Physiology II Lab 1 Introduction to Lab Lab Notebooks should include: Title; Date; Short description Purpose: one or two complete sentences to describe purpose of experiment including a general method that will be used and the anticipated results Procedure: describe details of what happens during experiment. Including materials and equipment used Data calculation results and conclusions: Record any data supplied during experiment, draw any images presented and label them. After watching each lab experiment, student will complete lab exam. The notes from the lab, along with data and information supplied in the lab exam will be used to answer any questions posed, present results obtained list any conclusions reached. Experiment 1: Nervous System The Brain • The human brain is the most sophisticated brain of all animal species; has hte quickest ability to adapt to different circumstances; inacbility to execute decions very rapidly; controls general mobility; controls behavioral action; very compelx and sophisticated organ • Average adult brain weights about 1300 to 1400 grams (around 3 lbs); male brain slightly larger; this doesn’t relay or relate to any sign of intelligence; sign of brain is proportion to size of body controlling it. Example: Other animals-eleophant brain is 6,000 grams; brain in rat is 2 grams • When we look at a brain, to identify it regionally, we look at it and refer to front part as the rostral part lab animal-towards nose; human-refer to forehead area; rostral is front part of brain • Posterior aspect-cogle part; lab animal-direction of tail; human-back part of neck or spinal cord 3 main divisions of human brain: 1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain stem Cerebrum: identity with; largest part of brain; make up 83% of volume; 2 cerebral hemispheres right and left; externally, brain is marked by folds of tissue. If we look at folds of tissue called giri (girus is singular); shallow grooves separate the giri called sulsi (sulcus singular)-important sulsi is central sulcus between red and purple markings in lecture The giri allow brain to have larger surface area; with large surface area, perform at higher level or at a more sophisticated job Right and left hemispheres separated longitudinally by the longitudinal fissure (deep groove) Internally, brain is joined by a six bundle of nerves corpus collapsum-if look at sagittal section of brain, we can see six bundles of nerve at base of longitudinal fissure that connects two hemispheres When we look at cerebrm, 5 anatomically lobes • Forehead (rostral part of brain)-looking at the frontal lobe. Very important lobe; forehead back to central sulcus; ffrontal lobe consists of very specific girus called pre central girus (primary motor area of brian); responsible for motor planning, voluntary mobility; memory or mood, emotion aggression, • Parietal lobe: forms like the cap or top part of brain itself; left and right; contains specific girus called the post central girus (primary sensory area of brain); responsible for receiving and interpreting information regarding general senses • Occicpital lobe at back of brain; green lobe; primary visual cortex of brain; primary job; no larhe role in senses or Laterally, we see yellow lobe called the remporal lobe. Two temporal lobes. Responsiuble for things like hearing and smell, visual recognition, and plays role in learning and memory Fifth lobe of cerebrum is Not visible from exterior (insula): deep to temporal lobe; not much known because hard to access in living subjects; responsible for understanding spoken language 2nd region of brain: cerebellum: • Second largest part of brain; make sup only 10% of total brain volume; contains over 50% of brains neurons; in brain model, cerebellum white tan structure in back; located inferior to cerebrum; located in area called posterior cranial fossa. If you turn brain around, two hemispheres like cerebrum joined by the vermus which you cannot see on brain. Marked by external folds and shallow grooves. Folds called folia much narrower/smaller; grooves are called salsi as are in cerebrum. • 1970s-functions started to unravel • FUNCTION: Responsible for motor coordination; any lesion to cerebellum result in a very clumsy walking pattern/awkward limb motion called ataxic movement • Responsible for special perception, sensory feedback processing, related to or helps to perform jobs like organizational tasks, attention to detail. One research study shown people wth ADD have smaller cerebellum with people that don’t have ADD Left off at 13:13 min At poster for cerebellum White lines-white matter (argovetre) – Key terms: cerebellum Posterior cranial fossa Vermis Folia Sulci Arbor vitae (white matter) Key terms: Brain Stem Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrian Pons Medulla Oblongata Brain stem-what is left over after cerebellum and cerebrum is taken away Pituitary gland-thalamus tells is what to do Midbrain-undifferentiated region of brain The pons-relay center from cerebrum to cerebellum Medulla oblongata-connects brain to spinal cord; regulates heart rate, breathing Cranial nerves: Named by roman numerals 1-12/specific names (one on each side of brain) Sensory motor or mixed Olfactory nerve (I): one nerve that doesn’t originate from brain stem; right above nose; sense of smell Optic nerve (II): visual information; cross at optic chiasm; left side of brain; sense of vision Oculomotor nerve (III): nerve coming off the pons; eye movement; move eye up and down; closing eyelids and pupillary constriction (amount of light into the eye) Trochlear nerve (IV): inferior to number 3; eye movements; medial rotation of eye Trigeminal nerve (V): mixed nerve; mandibular branch (motor branch); ophthalmic branch; maxillary branch; mandibular branch Abducens nerve (VII): responsible for lateral eye movement (turn eye out); damage-eye turn medially Facial nerve (VII): just below abducens nerve; two visible branches; mixed nerves (sensory and motor component) sensory deals with taste; motor responsible for facial expressions; nerve that involved or affected by bells palsi (if motor is affected-you see facial droop); responsible for salivation and swallowing Vestibular cochlear nerve (VII): (previously known as auditory nerve); responsible for sense of hearing and balance; damage can result in nerve damage, dizziness, nausea Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX): sensor (taste, touch and pressure); motor (swallowing, gag reflex) Vagus nerve (X): has largest distribution of nerve fibers; reach larger amount of systems; travels to heart, digestive system, etc. sensory (taste, feeling sense of hunger and fullness, gastro, control our ability to swallow, speak, bronchi constriction (tubes leading to lunges-helps constrict those); damage-horse voice; poor ability to control heart rate and breathing; if both damaged-it is fatal Accessory nerve (XI): swallowing; movement of shoulders; neck and shoulders; damage to these well see only one side up Hypoglossal neve (XII): tongue movements; helps us speak, swallow, impaired speak, if left side, nerve will deviate away from side of damage; Remember cranial nerves On Old Olympics Towering Tops A Fat Vivacious German Vens Ahesier Hops Sensory or Motor (S=sensory; M=Motor; B= both sensory and motor) Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boats Matter More Brain has protective components Cranium: bony protection 3 layers of protective meninges (dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter) Ventricles: internal chambers filled with cerebral spinal fluid; two lateral in each hemispheres; third ventricle; fourth ventricle along brain stem; provides chemical stability; provides shock absorption or a cushioning; makes brain more bayonet (more lighter)/less pressure Cerebrospinal fluid Blood supply: brain gets priority of blood supply, oxygen and nutrients 15% of blood supply off bat 20% of body’s supply of oxygen and glucose 10 seconds without blood flow-loss of consciousness or passing out; 1-2 minutes impaireness; 4 minutes or longer-irreversible of brain damage LAB Portion: Sheep Brian Superior view: two cerebral hemispheres; separated by longitudinal fissure cerebellum; brain stem; cranial nerves (optic nerve; olfactory nerve) Brain stem: Diencephalon Pons Medulla oblongata Smaller tapered region is start of spinal cord Two components to look at: Midsagittal section: cerebrum (left cerebral hemisphere); cerebellum; brain stem; internally you can really see the giri and the salsi where shallow grooves separating; other is white band (corpus collapsum); lateral ventricle (open space) Bottom surface of brain: optic chiasm (sagittal section); small gland is pituitary gland; outlined circular area is thalamus (gateway keeper for signals); hypothalamus directly controls actions of pituitary glands pons and medulla oblongata last sagittal section of cerebellum: see externally folds internally you can see white matter: nerve tracks to relay information