Community Nursing Exam 1

Epidemiology - Is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations and is the principle science of community health practice. person-place model - (Examining whether common common factors exist.) Investigating disease patterns in the community. analytic epidemiology - examine complex relationships among the many determinants of disease. - causes or etiology of disease. Epidemiology triangle - examining the interrelationships between host and environmental characteristics and uses an organized method of inquiry to derive an explanation of disease. -analyzing the following three methods, host, environment, agent. The development of disease is dependent on the extent of the hosts exposure to an agent, the strength or virulence of agent, and the host's genetic or immunological susceptibility. Wheel model - stress the multiplicity of host and environmental interactions and understanding of disease. The wheel consists of a hub that represents the host and its human characteristics such as genetic makeup, personality, and and immunity. The surrounding wheel represents the environment and comprises biological, social, and physical dimensions. -This model subscribes to multiple-causation rather than single-causation disease theory; therefore it is more useful for analyzing complex chronic conditions and identifying factors that are amenable to intervention. Web of causation - illustrates the complexity of relationships among causal variables for a certain disease. ecosocial epidemiology - challenges both the more individually focused risk factor approach to understanding disease origins and the growing interest in molecular epidemiology, exemplified by the sequencing of genes to determine individual susceptibility to various diseases. -This approach emphasizes the role of evolving macro-level socioenvironmetal factors, including complex political and economic forces along with microbiological processes, in understanding health and illness. Rates - arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted (ex-population at risk). numerator= number of events occurring at a specified period of time. Denominator= those in the population at the specified time period (ex-per day, per week, per year). -multiplied by constant that is a multiple of 10. Morbidity rates - rates of illness. -are incident rates and prevalence rates Incidence rates - occurrences of new cases of a disease (ex Tb, Flu) or condition (ex. teen preg) in a community over a period of time relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same time period. numerator= number of new cases or events occurring in the population in a specified period denominator= population at RISK during same specified period. *those immunized against disease are subtracted from toal population. Attack Rates - special form of incidence rates. document the number of new cases of a disease in those exposed to the disease. ex-food poisoningnumerator=number of existing cases in pop at a specified point in time (# of people who were exposed and became ill) denominator= population at same specified point in time. (# of people exposed to suspect food) mortality rates - birth and death rates. Crude rates - summarize occurrence of of births (crude birth rate(, mortality (crude death rates), or disease (crude disease rates) in the general population. numerator= number of events denominator= average population/ TOTAL pop size or the population size at midyear multiplied by constant