Hersenen en Gedrag
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Cacioppo ............................................................................................................................................. 5
What is psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 5
How did the science of psychology begin? ..................................................................................... 8
What are psychological perspectives? .......................................................................................... 14
What does it mean to be a psychologist? ..................................................................................... 17
The biological approach to behaviour .......................................................................................... 19
Biological explanations of behaviour ............................................................................................ 21
Career opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 22
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Module 1.1 – genetics and evolution of behaviour ...................................................................... 24
The use of animals in research...................................................................................................... 33
Introduction – in closing – your brain and your experience ......................................................... 35
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Module 1.1 – the cells of the nervous system .............................................................................. 35
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 45
Module 1.2 – the nerve impulse ................................................................................................... 45
Module 1.2 – in closing – neurons and messages ........................................................................ 52
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 64
Werkgroep – 9-9-2022 .......................................................................................................................... 68
Hoorcollege – 12-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 73
Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 91
Module 2.1 – the concept of the synapse ........................................................................................ 91
Properties of synapses .................................................................................................................. 91
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and action potentials................................................................. 95
Module 2.1 – in closing – the neuron as decision maker ............................................................. 96
Module 2.2 – chemical events at the synapse .................................................................................. 96
The discovery of chemical transmission at synapses.................................................................... 96
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ............................................................................ 97
Hormones.................................................................................................................................... 106
Module 2.2 – in closing – neurotransmitters and behaviour ..................................................... 110
1
,Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 113
Module 14.1 – substance abuse ..................................................................................................... 113
Drug mechanisms........................................................................................................................ 113
Predispositions ............................................................................................................................ 113
Synaptic mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 114
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 115
Module 14.1 – in closing – the psychology and biology of substance abuse ............................. 116
Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 118
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 121
Hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 145
Module 3.1 – structure of the vertebrate nervous system ............................................................ 145
Terminology to describe the nervous system ............................................................................. 145
The spinal cord ............................................................................................................................ 148
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................. 149
The hindbrain .............................................................................................................................. 150
The midbrain ............................................................................................................................... 152
The forebrain .............................................................................................................................. 153
The ventricles .............................................................................................................................. 158
Module 3.1 – in closing – learning neuroanatomy ..................................................................... 158
Module 3.2 – the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................... 160
Organization of the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................ 160
The occipital lobe ........................................................................................................................ 162
The parietal lobe ......................................................................................................................... 163
The temporal lobe....................................................................................................................... 163
The frontal lobe........................................................................................................................... 163
How do the parts work together?............................................................................................... 164
Module 3.2 – in closing – functions of the cerebral cortex ........................................................ 165
Module 3.3 – research methods ..................................................................................................... 166
Effects of brain damage .............................................................................................................. 166
Effects of brain stimulation ......................................................................................................... 167
Recording brain activity .............................................................................................................. 168
Correlating brain anatomy with behaviour................................................................................. 170
Module 3.3. – in closing – research methods and progress ....................................................... 172
Voorschouw neuroanatomie .............................................................................................................. 174
Hoorcollege – 19-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 185
Werkgroep – 19-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 206
2
, Voorschouw motoriek ........................................................................................................................ 208
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 212
Hoofdstuk 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 221
Module 4.2 – development of the brain ......................................................................................... 221
Maturation of the vertebrate brain ............................................................................................ 221
Pathfinding by axons ................................................................................................................... 222
Determinants of neuronal survival ............................................................................................. 225
Differentiation of the cortex ....................................................................................................... 226
The vulnerable developing brain ................................................................................................ 227
Fine-tuning by experience .......................................................................................................... 227
Brain development and behavioural development .................................................................... 231
Module 4.2 – in closing – brain development ............................................................................ 231
Module 4.3 – plasticity after brain damage .................................................................................... 233
Brain damage and short-term recovery...................................................................................... 233
Later mechanisms of recovery .................................................................................................... 234
Module 4.3 – in closing – brain damage and recovery ............................................................... 236
Hoofdstuk 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 238
Module 7.1 – the control of movement ......................................................................................... 238
Muscles and their movements.................................................................................................... 238
Units of movement ..................................................................................................................... 241
Module 7.1 – in closing – categories of movement .................................................................... 242
Module 7.2 – brain mechanisms of movement .............................................................................. 242
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 243
The cerebellum ........................................................................................................................... 248
The basal ganglia ......................................................................................................................... 249
Brain areas and motor learning .................................................................................................. 251
Conscious decisions and movement ........................................................................................... 251
Module 7.2 – in closing – movement control and cognition ...................................................... 252
Module 7.3 – movement disorders ................................................................................................ 253
Parkinson’s disease ..................................................................................................................... 253
Huntington’s disease................................................................................................................... 254
Module 7.3 – in closing – movement disorders affect more than movement ........................... 256
Werkgroep – 26-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 258
Hoorcollege – 26-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 259
The first brain-compute interface implant for locked-in syndrome ................................................... 266
Hoorcollege – 29-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 267
3
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Cacioppo ............................................................................................................................................. 5
What is psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 5
How did the science of psychology begin? ..................................................................................... 8
What are psychological perspectives? .......................................................................................... 14
What does it mean to be a psychologist? ..................................................................................... 17
The biological approach to behaviour .......................................................................................... 19
Biological explanations of behaviour ............................................................................................ 21
Career opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 22
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 24
Module 1.1 – genetics and evolution of behaviour ...................................................................... 24
The use of animals in research...................................................................................................... 33
Introduction – in closing – your brain and your experience ......................................................... 35
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Module 1.1 – the cells of the nervous system .............................................................................. 35
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 45
Module 1.2 – the nerve impulse ................................................................................................... 45
Module 1.2 – in closing – neurons and messages ........................................................................ 52
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 64
Werkgroep – 9-9-2022 .......................................................................................................................... 68
Hoorcollege – 12-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 73
Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 91
Module 2.1 – the concept of the synapse ........................................................................................ 91
Properties of synapses .................................................................................................................. 91
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and action potentials................................................................. 95
Module 2.1 – in closing – the neuron as decision maker ............................................................. 96
Module 2.2 – chemical events at the synapse .................................................................................. 96
The discovery of chemical transmission at synapses.................................................................... 96
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ............................................................................ 97
Hormones.................................................................................................................................... 106
Module 2.2 – in closing – neurotransmitters and behaviour ..................................................... 110
1
,Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 113
Module 14.1 – substance abuse ..................................................................................................... 113
Drug mechanisms........................................................................................................................ 113
Predispositions ............................................................................................................................ 113
Synaptic mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 114
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 115
Module 14.1 – in closing – the psychology and biology of substance abuse ............................. 116
Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 118
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 121
Hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 145
Module 3.1 – structure of the vertebrate nervous system ............................................................ 145
Terminology to describe the nervous system ............................................................................. 145
The spinal cord ............................................................................................................................ 148
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................. 149
The hindbrain .............................................................................................................................. 150
The midbrain ............................................................................................................................... 152
The forebrain .............................................................................................................................. 153
The ventricles .............................................................................................................................. 158
Module 3.1 – in closing – learning neuroanatomy ..................................................................... 158
Module 3.2 – the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................... 160
Organization of the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................ 160
The occipital lobe ........................................................................................................................ 162
The parietal lobe ......................................................................................................................... 163
The temporal lobe....................................................................................................................... 163
The frontal lobe........................................................................................................................... 163
How do the parts work together?............................................................................................... 164
Module 3.2 – in closing – functions of the cerebral cortex ........................................................ 165
Module 3.3 – research methods ..................................................................................................... 166
Effects of brain damage .............................................................................................................. 166
Effects of brain stimulation ......................................................................................................... 167
Recording brain activity .............................................................................................................. 168
Correlating brain anatomy with behaviour................................................................................. 170
Module 3.3. – in closing – research methods and progress ....................................................... 172
Voorschouw neuroanatomie .............................................................................................................. 174
Hoorcollege – 19-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 185
Werkgroep – 19-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 206
2
, Voorschouw motoriek ........................................................................................................................ 208
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 212
Hoofdstuk 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 221
Module 4.2 – development of the brain ......................................................................................... 221
Maturation of the vertebrate brain ............................................................................................ 221
Pathfinding by axons ................................................................................................................... 222
Determinants of neuronal survival ............................................................................................. 225
Differentiation of the cortex ....................................................................................................... 226
The vulnerable developing brain ................................................................................................ 227
Fine-tuning by experience .......................................................................................................... 227
Brain development and behavioural development .................................................................... 231
Module 4.2 – in closing – brain development ............................................................................ 231
Module 4.3 – plasticity after brain damage .................................................................................... 233
Brain damage and short-term recovery...................................................................................... 233
Later mechanisms of recovery .................................................................................................... 234
Module 4.3 – in closing – brain damage and recovery ............................................................... 236
Hoofdstuk 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 238
Module 7.1 – the control of movement ......................................................................................... 238
Muscles and their movements.................................................................................................... 238
Units of movement ..................................................................................................................... 241
Module 7.1 – in closing – categories of movement .................................................................... 242
Module 7.2 – brain mechanisms of movement .............................................................................. 242
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 243
The cerebellum ........................................................................................................................... 248
The basal ganglia ......................................................................................................................... 249
Brain areas and motor learning .................................................................................................. 251
Conscious decisions and movement ........................................................................................... 251
Module 7.2 – in closing – movement control and cognition ...................................................... 252
Module 7.3 – movement disorders ................................................................................................ 253
Parkinson’s disease ..................................................................................................................... 253
Huntington’s disease................................................................................................................... 254
Module 7.3 – in closing – movement disorders affect more than movement ........................... 256
Werkgroep – 26-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 258
Hoorcollege – 26-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 259
The first brain-compute interface implant for locked-in syndrome ................................................... 266
Hoorcollege – 29-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 267
3
